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Lithium-ion battery types

It is named after lithium-ion active substances. It can be difficult to remember and difficult to pronounce a series of letters and numbers put together.

For example, one of the most common Li-ions, lithium cobalt oxide, has the chemical symbol LiCoO2. Due to its simplicity, short battery Li-cobalt can also be used for this battery. This section lists six of the six most common ions. All readings are average estimates during writing.


Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2)

High specific energy Li-cobalt is an ideal choice for mobile phones, laptops and digital cameras. The battery consists of a cobalt oxide cathode and a graphite carbon anode. The cathode has a layered structure and lithium ions pass from the anode to the cathode during discharge. The disadvantage of Li-cobalt is its relatively short service life, low thermal stability and limited load capacities (specific power).
Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4)

The architecture creates a three-dimensional spinel structure that increases ion flow on the electrode, resulting in lower internal resistance and improved current utilization. Another advantage of spinel is its high thermal stability and improved safety, but its cycle and calendar life is limited.


Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2 or NMC)

One of the most successful Li-ion systems is a cathode combination of nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC). For example, NMC in an 18650 cell for medium loading condition has a capacity of about 2,800mAh and can provide 4A to 5A; The NMC in the same cell optimized for specific power has a capacity of only about 2,000mAh, but provides a continuous discharge current of 20A. A silicon-based anode will rise to 4,000mAh and higher, but with reduced loading capacity and shorter cycle life. The silicon added to the graphite has the disadvantage that the anode grows and shrinks with charge and discharge, rendering the cell mechanically unstable.


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How do lithium batteries work?

Lithium metal battery:

A lithium metal battery is generally a positive electrode material, a battery using metallic lithium or manganese dioxide as an alloy metal as a negative electrode material, and a non-aqueous electrolyte solution.

Basic principle of lithium battery

Basic principle of lithium battery

Discharge reaction: Li + MnO2 = LiMnO2


Lithium ion battery:

A lithium ion battery is a battery that generally uses lithium alloy metal oxide as a positive electrode material, graphite as a negative electrode material, and anhydrous electrolyte.

Reaction of charged positive electrode

LiCoO2 = Li (1-x) CIO2 + XLI ++ Xe- (electron)

Reaction on charge negative electrode

6C + XLi ++ Xe- = LixC6

Rechargeable battery total reaction: LiCoO2 + 6C = Li (1-x) CoO2 + LixC6


positive electrode

Cathode material: There are many optional cathode materials, and most of the main products use lithium iron phosphate. Different cathode material comparisons:
LiCoO 2 3.7 V 140 mAh / g
Li 2 Mn 2 O 4 4.0 V 100 mAh / g
LiFePO 4 3.3 V 100 mAh / g
Li 2 FePO 4 F 3.6 V 115 mAh / g

Positive electrode reaction: Lithium ions are embedded during discharge and lithium ions are deintercalated during charging. When charging: LiFePO4 → Li1-xFePO4 + xLi + + xe discharge: Li1-xFePO4 + xLi + + xe- → LiFePO4.


negative electrode

Anode material: Graphite is mostly used. Recent research has found that titanate can be a better material.

Negative electrode reaction: Lithium ion is deintercalated during discharge and lithium ions are buried during charging.

When charging: xLi + + xe- + 6C → LixC6

When unloading: LixC6 → xLi + + xe- + 6C


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What are the pros and cons of Ni-MH battery and Li-ion battery?

Currently, Li-ion seems to be a craze in everyday life or military use no matter. Where should I use the Ni-Mh Battery? In fact, Ni-MH rechargeable battery is a pioneer in the world once. Let's see why Ni-MH still takes a position on the market.

Ni-MH Pros:

Large discharge current;

High energy density;

Good consistency;

High reliability

Impressive tolerance to complete discharge

Ni-MH cons:

High self-flow rate;

Low voltage output;

How many resistance to extreme temperature;

Long charging time.


Li-ion Pros:

High specific energy;

High voltage output;

Low self-discharge rate;

Various types are available;

More potentials to be explored.

Li-ion cons:

Sensitivity to exorbitant price or over-discharge;

Due to the high cost, a protective circuit is required;

Immature technology;

Transportation limits


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Use of different types of batteries

Lithium thionyl chloride battery: energy type: intelligent water meter, gas meter, electric meter, real-time clock, backup memory power supply, various instruments, instruments, equipment.

Power type: civil area - intelligent water meter, gas meter, electric meter, smoke alarm and smart instrument

Military field - military electronic equipment and communications equipment (portable radio, night vision, global positioning devices for navigation, data terminal equipment, range finder), underwater weapons, sonar buoys, mines, missiles, radar and so on.

High temperature type: physical detection and numerical control logging instrument, data acquisition instrument, communication command device, special communication network equipment, electronic detection equipment, aviation instrument


Lead acid batteries

• Portable CD player, video recorder, solar system, road and railway signal lights

• Medical equipment, portable measuring devices, sound equipment

• Power tools (electric drills, rotary cutters, chainsaws, etc.), Cordless phones, transceivers

• Testing, analytical instruments, electronic scales, electric model toys

• Lighting equipment, garden lights, portable calculators, money counters, printers, etc.

• Electric bicycles, motorcycles, lawn cars, scooters, golf carts

• Emergency lighting, fire alarm, column, warning sign, UPS uninterruptible power supply

• Telecom system, DC switchgear, air switch

• Power system, power station, diesel locomotive start, lighting


Various communication power equipment, microwave base stations, program controlled switches, TV broadcasting tools, UPS power supplies and power transmission transformer control systems .


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How to distinguish between alkaline and carbon batteries

Some unscrupulous merchants take advantage of the battery expertise of consumers using ordinary carbon batteries and even mercury batteries to mimic alkaline batteries to the detriment of consumers. How is it defined? Method "one look, two, three touches":

Overview: widely used alkaline batteries No. 5 and Nr. 7 Identified by LR6 and LR03 and carbon batteries marked with R6 and R03 and ve L ”is absent.

Second : Alkaline battery is heavier than carbon battery. For example, the number 5 alkali electricity is about 23 grams and the number 5 carbon power is about 15 grams.

Three touches: After touching or nail stripping, there is a pit ring on the negative side of the alkaline battery, while the carbon battery is missing.


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Choose between lithium and lead acid batteries

Lithium-ion batteries have been a long frenzy, but currently perform better than traditional lead-acid ones in all respects. Absolutely no answer. Below is an overview of the two battery types.
Lead acid batteries

Pros

Lead-acid batteries are widely spread due to their suitability.

They are reliable and tolerant to harsh conditions.

Although they are considered dangerous when it comes to materials, they can be completely recycled. Sulfuric acid can be safely neutralized and lead and polypropylene sheath can be used in other batteries.

Thanks to the simple design they are virtually maintenance-free.

cons

Too heavy and bulky for a given capacity.

If materials are not recycled properly, they may be harmful to the environment.

It has a relatively short lifespan.

Batteries with dry lead acid are classified as dangerous goods. This is due to the risk of fire in the event of a short circuit.

Lithium ion batteries

Pros

They have a higher energy density.

Batteries can hold electricity for a long time due to the low self-discharge rate.

They hardly harm the environment.

cons

In extreme temperatures and current fluctuations, a protective circuit is required to protect the cells from full discharge or overload.

Most lithium-ion batteries come with a special charger.

They are expensive compared to lead-acid batteries.

They cannot be transported by air according to safety regulations.

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Is it safe to mix different batteries

To save money, some people can replace two batteries used in a single device. Is there a right way to extend battery life? The answer is definitely "No".

If two batteries are the same brand, what will happen? The fresh battery provides a large current of almost dead battery with high resistance. Batteries and damage to the device will result in overheating of dead batteries.

Batteries are mixed in different brands, due to the different technologies used they are probably damaged and shortened the service life.

If different types of batteries are used together, excessive explosion and rapid discharge such as technology, material and property discrepancies will lead to unexpected results.


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What is the structure and composition of a lithium battery?

With the development of technology, lithium batteries have also made great progress and are becoming more widely used. In fact, the structure of lithium batteries is divided into two categories: split winding and stacked. The lithium battery structure then consists essentially of five large blocks: positive electrode, negative electrode, electrolyte, diaphragm, outer housing, and electrode cable.

Lithium batteries are then divided into two types of lithium batteries, one lithium battery, one lithium battery, wherein the lithium battery uses the winding structure and the polymer lithium battery has two.

The wound positive electrode film, separator and negative electrode film are placed sequentially and wound into a cylindrical shape or a flat cylindrical shape and are mainly represented by SANYO, TOSHIBA, SONY and ATL. The stacked type is stacked in multiple layers such as a positive electrode, a separator, a negative electrode, a separator and a positive electrode. All positive electrodes are welded together and the negative electrodes are welded together, mainly represented by ATL.

The lithium battery materials currently used are lithium cobaltate, lithium nickelate and lithium manganate. The most commonly used material is lithium cobaltate, which has good cycle performance and is easy to manufacture. The disadvantage is that cobalt compounds are more expensive. Because of its unstable nature, lithium nickel is difficult to produce. It is generally used as a nickel cobalt doped nickel compound, also known as lithium nickel cobaltate. Lithium manganate is also a very good material, and at high temperatures, the decomposition of lithium manganate is relatively rapid, and many other causes are still in the laboratory stage.


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Why are alkaline batteries more durable?

Alkaline batteries are also called alkaline zinc-manganese dry cells. Compared to ordinary dry batteries (ie carbon batteries), it has the advantages of durability, large current consumption, long storage life and corrosion resistance of the outer casing. The alkaline battery uses the opposite electrode structure with the normal battery, which increases the relative space between the positive and negative electrodes and replaces the ammonium chloride and zinc chloride solution with a high conductivity potassium hydroxide solution. It changes from flake to granule, increases the reaction area of ​​the negative electrode and uses high-performance electrolytic manganese powder, thereby increasing the electrical properties considerably. The alkaline battery of the same model is the capacity and discharge time of normal batteries. 3 to 7 times. In addition, when the alkaline battery is discharged, no gas is formed therein, and the normal dry battery produces some gas when discharged, so that the voltage of the alkaline battery is relatively stable. Alkaline batteries have fewer fillers that do not participate in chemical reactions, so they can be made smaller. In this way, alkaline batteries of the same volume are more durable than normal dry batteries.

Alkaline batteries are mainly used in electric toys, cameras, flashlights, razors, high power remote controls and so on. Suitable for high-current continuous discharge and high-voltage operating voltage applications.


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What are the recycling methods and purposes of different types of batteries?

Different types of batteries are widely used in different situations. It is a reason to recycle waste batteries more scientifically and economically for natural and human health. After hundreds of years of development, the current main battery brands and basic recycling methods around the world are consistent.

First. Dry cells: alkaline manganese dry cells and zinc manganese dry cells are commonly known as carbon and alkaline batteries. Such batteries must now prohibit the use of mercury, so they are safe in life. Therefore, this type of battery does not require recovery. Of course, there is no harm to users who want to do this in this area. The purpose of recycling is to obtain metal, steel and copper.

Two nickel batteries: nickel is also a toxic substance, nickel batteries, including nickel cadmium and nickel hydrogen batteries, which are used in many cases to replace alkaline zinc manganese batteries. Nickel cadmium and nickel hydrogen batteries have recycling points in some public places. Consumers can collect waste batteries and recycle them. After recycling, the metal is obtained by heating nickel, iron, zinc and cadmium, and other metal oxides can be reprocessed.

Three, including button batteries: silver oxide battery and clasp lithium manganese battery, this small battery is often used in small equipment such as calculator, watch, computer, mouse and so on. This type of battery is characterized by metal containing small amount, small size and mercury. The method of recycling is to replace old batteries with professionals. Therefore, if the battery cannot be used for the use of electrical equipment, the electrical equipment can be moved to the maintenance point where a new battery is replaced. The recovery process was crushed and recycled.

Four. Lithium ion batteries. The lithium battery is a high cost environmentally friendly battery. Since the battery is usually the main part of the equipment, the recycling location of the equipment is usually willing to recycle the lithium battery. Recovery purpose: positive and negative electrodes and partial electrolytes of lithium ion batteries can be reused.

Five, lead-acid battery: the highest recovery rate of all batteries, the reason, 1, more dangerous substances, more harmful, 2, the waste battery, the highest components can be used: plastic, sulfuric acid and lead, are widely used chemical raw materials.

In addition to dry cell pollution, other batteries can be recycled due to high prices or pollution or due to high recyclability. Generally, battery products containing heavy metals. Of course, such batteries are often encountered in people's daily lives and industrial batteries are not debated. Such batteries are usually their own large equipment.


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Why do not mix alkaline and carbon batteries?

Because alkaline and carbon batteries have different positive electrodes, negative electrodes and electrolytes, their operating voltages and storage capacities are different. In general, alkaline batteries increase five to six times the capacity of carbon batteries, and currents are greater than carbon batteries. In fact, even if you have the same alkaline battery or the same carbon battery, old and new cannot be mixed.

In parallel mode, the new battery has a higher voltage and the old battery has a lower voltage. When mixed, the new battery charges the old battery and consumes the new battery. In series mode, the internal resistance of the old battery is too high. High, the internal resistance of the new battery is small. When discharged, the new battery consumes power in the internal resistance of the old battery and may even charge the old battery. The reason why alkaline and carbon batteries cannot be mixed is the same as that of old and new batteries that cannot be mixed. Battery capacity, current and voltage are not used. If forcibly mixed, the battery will be depleted too quickly, shortening its life and even leaking.

In addition, both alkaline and carbon batteries are disposable batteries that cannot be heated or charged, otherwise explosions may occur. If the device is not used for a long time, the battery must be removed in time. After use, the power must be turned off to prevent the battery from continuing to flow and will not cause chemical reactions in the reactor.

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