Duracell - CopperTop AAA Alkaline Batteries - long lasting, all-purpose Triple A battery for household and business - 12 count

Introduction and classification of lithium batteries

A lithium battery is a type of battery that uses a lithium metal or a lithium alloy as a plate material and uses a non-aqueous electrolyte solution. Because of the very active chemical properties of lithium metal, lithium metal is difficult to process and store. The cost of production is relatively high, so lithium batteries have not been widely used for a long time. Until recent years, with the continuous maturation and commercial scale production of lithium-ion compound and lithium battery separator technology, the cost has been greatly reduced due to light weight, large capacity, long life and lack of pollution. Lithium batteries will gradually replace lead-acid batteries and will become the main products. Power tools, electric bicycles, electric motorcycles, electric vehicles, military equipment, aviation and various mobile power supplies, mobile phone power supplies, various emergency lights, flashlights, razors, cameras, cameras, photovoltaics. Street lamps and so on.

Lithium batteries are divided into two types: liquid lithium batteries, a lithium battery, a polymer lithium battery in which a lithium battery adopts a winding structure and has two types of a polymer lithium battery. The structure of lithium batteries is divided into two categories: split winding and stacked. The lithium battery structure then consists essentially of five large blocks: positive electrode, negative electrode, electrolyte, diaphragm, outer housing, and electrode cable.

The wound positive electrode film, separator and negative electrode film are placed sequentially and wound into a cylindrical shape or a flat cylindrical shape and are mainly represented by SANYO, TOSHIBA, SONY and ATL. The stacked type is stacked in multiple layers such as a positive electrode, a separator, a negative electrode, a separator and a positive electrode. All positive electrodes are welded together and the negative electrodes are welded together, mainly represented by ATL.

19Axx
Duracell - CopperTop AAA Alkaline Batteries - long lasting, all-purpose Triple A battery for household and business - 12 count

Energizer AA Lithium Batteries, World's Longest Lasting Double A Battery, Ultimate Lithium (24 Count)

What is the structure and composition of a lithium battery?

With the development of technology, lithium batteries have also made great progress and are becoming more widely used. In fact, the structure of lithium batteries is divided into two categories: split winding and stacked. The lithium battery structure then consists essentially of five large blocks: positive electrode, negative electrode, electrolyte, diaphragm, outer housing, and electrode cable.

Lithium batteries are then divided into two types of lithium batteries, one lithium battery, one lithium battery, wherein the lithium battery uses the winding structure and the polymer lithium battery has two.

The wound positive electrode film, separator and negative electrode film are placed sequentially and wound into a cylindrical shape or a flat cylindrical shape and are mainly represented by SANYO, TOSHIBA, SONY and ATL. The stacked type is stacked in multiple layers such as a positive electrode, a separator, a negative electrode, a separator and a positive electrode. All positive electrodes are welded together and the negative electrodes are welded together, mainly represented by ATL.

The lithium battery materials currently used are lithium cobaltate, lithium nickelate and lithium manganate. The most commonly used material is lithium cobaltate, which has good cycle performance and is easy to manufacture. The disadvantage is that cobalt compounds are more expensive. Because of its unstable nature, lithium nickel is difficult to produce. It is generally used as a nickel cobalt doped nickel compound, also known as lithium nickel cobaltate. Lithium manganate is also a very good material, and at high temperatures, the decomposition of lithium manganate is relatively rapid, and many other causes are still in the laboratory stage.


18Axx
Energizer AA Lithium Batteries, World's Longest Lasting Double A Battery, Ultimate Lithium (24 Count)

Energizer Rechargeable AAA Batteries, 700 mAh NiMH, Pre-charged, Chargeable for 1,000 Cycles, 8 Count

How to dispose of batteries

Remove a battery immediately when it runs out; otherwise it may leak.

Do not put it in your pocket as it may cause it to break. Instead, place the battery in a container.

Do not store used batteries together. Although a battery can no longer run a toy or game, there may still be a small amount of power left.

If several batteries malfunction, they may charge and even emit fire.

Do not mix old and fresh batteries. Batteries can ignite, explode or leak, which can damage you as well as the device in which the batteries are installed.

Since many types of batteries are considered household waste, you should follow the correct guidelines for disposal. Most hazardous waste days are also mentioned in the local newspaper. Most normal alkaline batteries are not considered hazardous waste and may be disposed of in normal household waste. However, for other batteries, such as lithium, mercury, oxide, nickel-cadmium, nickel metal hydride, and silver oxide, it is best to be careful and follow your city's battery recycling guidelines. Batteries contain elements that can infiltrate the soil, which is dangerous to the environment. In most cases, the batteries can be brought to your local recycling center at any time, or they can be collected on your city's designated household waste disposal days.


17Axx
Energizer Rechargeable AAA Batteries, 700 mAh NiMH, Pre-charged, Chargeable for 1,000 Cycles, 8 Count

AmazonBasics AA Rechargeable Batteries (8-Pack) Pre-charged - Battery Packaging May Vary

Lithium-ion battery types

It is named after lithium-ion active substances. It can be difficult to remember and difficult to pronounce a series of letters and numbers put together.

For example, one of the most common Li-ions, lithium cobalt oxide, has the chemical symbol LiCoO2. Due to its simplicity, short battery Li-cobalt can also be used for this battery. This section lists six of the six most common ions. All readings are average estimates during writing.


Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2)

High specific energy Li-cobalt is an ideal choice for mobile phones, laptops and digital cameras. The battery consists of a cobalt oxide cathode and a graphite carbon anode. The cathode has a layered structure and lithium ions pass from the anode to the cathode during discharge. The disadvantage of Li-cobalt is its relatively short service life, low thermal stability and limited load capacities (specific power).
Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4)

The architecture creates a three-dimensional spinel structure that increases ion flow on the electrode, resulting in lower internal resistance and improved current utilization. Another advantage of spinel is its high thermal stability and improved safety, but its cycle and calendar life is limited.


Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2 or NMC)

One of the most successful Li-ion systems is a cathode combination of nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC). For example, NMC in an 18650 cell for medium loading condition has a capacity of about 2,800mAh and can provide 4A to 5A; The NMC in the same cell optimized for specific power has a capacity of only about 2,000mAh, but provides a continuous discharge current of 20A. A silicon-based anode will rise to 4,000mAh and higher, but with reduced loading capacity and shorter cycle life. The silicon added to the graphite has the disadvantage that the anode grows and shrinks with charge and discharge, rendering the cell mechanically unstable.


16Axx
AmazonBasics AA Rechargeable Batteries (8-Pack) Pre-charged - Battery Packaging May Vary

Rayovac Rechargeable AA Batteries, Rechargeable Double A Batteries (8 Count)

How do lithium batteries work?

Lithium metal battery:

A lithium metal battery is generally a positive electrode material, a battery using metallic lithium or manganese dioxide as an alloy metal as a negative electrode material, and a non-aqueous electrolyte solution.

Basic principle of lithium battery

Basic principle of lithium battery

Discharge reaction: Li + MnO2 = LiMnO2


Lithium ion battery:

A lithium ion battery is a battery that generally uses lithium alloy metal oxide as a positive electrode material, graphite as a negative electrode material, and anhydrous electrolyte.

Reaction of charged positive electrode

LiCoO2 = Li (1-x) CIO2 + XLI ++ Xe- (electron)

Reaction on charge negative electrode

6C + XLi ++ Xe- = LixC6

Rechargeable battery total reaction: LiCoO2 + 6C = Li (1-x) CoO2 + LixC6


positive electrode

Cathode material: There are many optional cathode materials, and most of the main products use lithium iron phosphate. Different cathode material comparisons:
LiCoO 2 3.7 V 140 mAh / g
Li 2 Mn 2 O 4 4.0 V 100 mAh / g
LiFePO 4 3.3 V 100 mAh / g
Li 2 FePO 4 F 3.6 V 115 mAh / g

Positive electrode reaction: Lithium ions are embedded during discharge and lithium ions are deintercalated during charging. When charging: LiFePO4 → Li1-xFePO4 + xLi + + xe discharge: Li1-xFePO4 + xLi + + xe- → LiFePO4.


negative electrode

Anode material: Graphite is mostly used. Recent research has found that titanate can be a better material.

Negative electrode reaction: Lithium ion is deintercalated during discharge and lithium ions are buried during charging.

When charging: xLi + + xe- + 6C → LixC6

When unloading: LixC6 → xLi + + xe- + 6C


15Axx
Rayovac Rechargeable AA Batteries, Rechargeable Double A Batteries (8 Count)

Energizer MAX AA Batteries, Designed to Prevent Damaging Leaks (20-Count)

What are the pros and cons of Ni-MH battery and Li-ion battery?

Currently, Li-ion seems to be a craze in everyday life or military use no matter. Where should I use the Ni-Mh Battery? In fact, Ni-MH rechargeable battery is a pioneer in the world once. Let's see why Ni-MH still takes a position on the market.

Ni-MH Pros:

Large discharge current;

High energy density;

Good consistency;

High reliability

Impressive tolerance to complete discharge

Ni-MH cons:

High self-flow rate;

Low voltage output;

How many resistance to extreme temperature;

Long charging time.


Li-ion Pros:

High specific energy;

High voltage output;

Low self-discharge rate;

Various types are available;

More potentials to be explored.

Li-ion cons:

Sensitivity to exorbitant price or over-discharge;

Due to the high cost, a protective circuit is required;

Immature technology;

Transportation limits


14Axx
Energizer MAX AA Batteries, Designed to Prevent Damaging Leaks (20-Count)

Duracell - CopperTop AA Alkaline Batteries - long lasting, all-purpose Double A battery for household and business - 16 count

Use of different types of batteries

Lithium thionyl chloride battery: energy type: intelligent water meter, gas meter, electric meter, real-time clock, backup memory power supply, various instruments, instruments, equipment.

Power type: civil area - intelligent water meter, gas meter, electric meter, smoke alarm and smart instrument

Military field - military electronic equipment and communications equipment (portable radio, night vision, global positioning devices for navigation, data terminal equipment, range finder), underwater weapons, sonar buoys, mines, missiles, radar and so on.

High temperature type: physical detection and numerical control logging instrument, data acquisition instrument, communication command device, special communication network equipment, electronic detection equipment, aviation instrument


Lead acid batteries

• Portable CD player, video recorder, solar system, road and railway signal lights

• Medical equipment, portable measuring devices, sound equipment

• Power tools (electric drills, rotary cutters, chainsaws, etc.), Cordless phones, transceivers

• Testing, analytical instruments, electronic scales, electric model toys

• Lighting equipment, garden lights, portable calculators, money counters, printers, etc.

• Electric bicycles, motorcycles, lawn cars, scooters, golf carts

• Emergency lighting, fire alarm, column, warning sign, UPS uninterruptible power supply

• Telecom system, DC switchgear, air switch

• Power system, power station, diesel locomotive start, lighting


Various communication power equipment, microwave base stations, program controlled switches, TV broadcasting tools, UPS power supplies and power transmission transformer control systems .


13Axx
Duracell - CopperTop AA Alkaline Batteries - long lasting, all-purpose Double A battery for household and business - 16 count

Energizer Rechargeable AA Batteries, NiMH, 2000 mAh, Pre-Charged, 8 count (Recharge Universal)

How to distinguish between alkaline and carbon batteries

Some unscrupulous merchants take advantage of the battery expertise of consumers using ordinary carbon batteries and even mercury batteries to mimic alkaline batteries to the detriment of consumers. How is it defined? Method "one look, two, three touches":

Overview: widely used alkaline batteries No. 5 and Nr. 7 Identified by LR6 and LR03 and carbon batteries marked with R6 and R03 and ve L ”is absent.

Second : Alkaline battery is heavier than carbon battery. For example, the number 5 alkali electricity is about 23 grams and the number 5 carbon power is about 15 grams.

Three touches: After touching or nail stripping, there is a pit ring on the negative side of the alkaline battery, while the carbon battery is missing.


12Axx
Energizer Rechargeable AA Batteries, NiMH, 2000 mAh, Pre-Charged, 8 count (Recharge Universal)

AmazonBasics AAA 1.5 Volt Performance Alkaline Batteries - Pack of 100

Choose between lithium and lead acid batteries

Lithium-ion batteries have been a long frenzy, but currently perform better than traditional lead-acid ones in all respects. Absolutely no answer. Below is an overview of the two battery types.
Lead acid batteries

Pros

Lead-acid batteries are widely spread due to their suitability.

They are reliable and tolerant to harsh conditions.

Although they are considered dangerous when it comes to materials, they can be completely recycled. Sulfuric acid can be safely neutralized and lead and polypropylene sheath can be used in other batteries.

Thanks to the simple design they are virtually maintenance-free.

cons

Too heavy and bulky for a given capacity.

If materials are not recycled properly, they may be harmful to the environment.

It has a relatively short lifespan.

Batteries with dry lead acid are classified as dangerous goods. This is due to the risk of fire in the event of a short circuit.

Lithium ion batteries

Pros

They have a higher energy density.

Batteries can hold electricity for a long time due to the low self-discharge rate.

They hardly harm the environment.

cons

In extreme temperatures and current fluctuations, a protective circuit is required to protect the cells from full discharge or overload.

Most lithium-ion batteries come with a special charger.

They are expensive compared to lead-acid batteries.

They cannot be transported by air according to safety regulations.

11Axx
AmazonBasics AAA 1.5 Volt Performance Alkaline Batteries - Pack of 100

AmazonBasics AAA Rechargeable Batteries (12-Pack) Pre-charged - Battery Packaging May Vary

Is it safe to mix different batteries

To save money, some people can replace two batteries used in a single device. Is there a right way to extend battery life? The answer is definitely "No".

If two batteries are the same brand, what will happen? The fresh battery provides a large current of almost dead battery with high resistance. Batteries and damage to the device will result in overheating of dead batteries.

Batteries are mixed in different brands, due to the different technologies used they are probably damaged and shortened the service life.

If different types of batteries are used together, excessive explosion and rapid discharge such as technology, material and property discrepancies will lead to unexpected results.


10Axx
AmazonBasics AAA Rechargeable Batteries (12-Pack) Pre-charged - Battery Packaging May Vary

Rayovac AAA Batteries, Alkaline Triple A Batteries (72 Battery Count)

What is the structure and composition of a lithium battery?

With the development of technology, lithium batteries have also made great progress and are becoming more widely used. In fact, the structure of lithium batteries is divided into two categories: split winding and stacked. The lithium battery structure then consists essentially of five large blocks: positive electrode, negative electrode, electrolyte, diaphragm, outer housing, and electrode cable.

Lithium batteries are then divided into two types of lithium batteries, one lithium battery, one lithium battery, wherein the lithium battery uses the winding structure and the polymer lithium battery has two.

The wound positive electrode film, separator and negative electrode film are placed sequentially and wound into a cylindrical shape or a flat cylindrical shape and are mainly represented by SANYO, TOSHIBA, SONY and ATL. The stacked type is stacked in multiple layers such as a positive electrode, a separator, a negative electrode, a separator and a positive electrode. All positive electrodes are welded together and the negative electrodes are welded together, mainly represented by ATL.

The lithium battery materials currently used are lithium cobaltate, lithium nickelate and lithium manganate. The most commonly used material is lithium cobaltate, which has good cycle performance and is easy to manufacture. The disadvantage is that cobalt compounds are more expensive. Because of its unstable nature, lithium nickel is difficult to produce. It is generally used as a nickel cobalt doped nickel compound, also known as lithium nickel cobaltate. Lithium manganate is also a very good material, and at high temperatures, the decomposition of lithium manganate is relatively rapid, and many other causes are still in the laboratory stage.


9Axx
Rayovac AAA Batteries, Alkaline Triple A Batteries (72 Battery Count)