Saturday, September 7, 2019

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How to prevent hemorrhoids after diarrhea? What to do if diarrhea starts with hemorrhoids? Effective ways to stop diarrhea quickly


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Nowadays, people are used to plan their time to efficiently distribute their power. Unfortunately, sometimes our plans are violated, regardless of age and gender. sudden diarrhea .

Sudden diarrhea not only disrupts plans, but can also be a real problem. Common diarrhea quickly causes the body to dehydrate, even a healthy person. To prevent this, you should fill the lost liquid reserves after each drain. To do this, you can drink a glass of mineral water or boiled water.

Before you start treatment, it is best to understand and understand what caused it. sudden diarrhea . You can do some research without leaving your home, you need:

What has been consumed in the last three days;
Whether trips or excursions to unusual places have been arranged in the past weeks;
Is this the first case of sudden diarrhea?
How has goodness changed after diarrhea?

After analyzing the answers to these questions, you can understand. loose stools appeared after poisoning or intestinal infection.
Causes of severe diarrhea

There are many reasons that can provoke unexpected diarrhea . We can distinguish the most common of these:

Hysterics. After severe emotional arousal, fear, depression or depression, diarrhea may start suddenly. You should try to hold yourself in order to avoid an unexpected situation;
Eat foods that are difficult to digest. These include spoiled vegetables and fruits, fatty and undercooked foods, immature fruits, meat of a sick animal;
Severe diarrhea can often be associated with overeating, often seen in young children. Young mummies want their babies to be always full and periodically overexpressing them. The bowel does not cope with abundant nutrition and eventually gets tired. This causes a sudden loose stool;
Natural events. Many people are subject to weather changes. A change in temperature affects a person's well-being and can cause sudden emergence of loose feces;
Intestinal infection. Regardless of age, sudden diarrhea can affect any person's body. Sometimes the patient does not suddenly start and understand why the diarrhea, but after a while there it becomes clear that the temperature and pain and then the body has hit an infection;
Sudden causes of diarrhea, which is associated with consumption of contaminated water, is the most common disease. Various microorganisms, drains, gases and all kinds of harmful substances are mixed with contaminated water. Collectively, they cause all microorganisms and degraded feces. However, people who generally use contaminated water, develop immunity, and therefore do not have diarrhea;
Sudden loose stools as an allergic reaction. There is a kind of human suffering from intestinal irritation that consumes certain nutrients. Milk containing a large amount of lactose can be attributed to the main product.

Sometimes there are causes of sudden diarrhea, which is difficult to detect. It has caused a change in the digestive process to identify the disease, many tests are required. Diagnosis should be made as quickly as possible, as sudden onset of diarrhea does not signify anything good. It is recommended to take the drug, to somehow suspend unexpected diarrhea.

Who didn't have the flu between us? This disease can be called the most common on the planet from the right side. Now it is impossible to find a person who has never experienced unpleasant symptoms. Of course every person faces a delicate matter like flu diarrhea. This phenomenon, coupled with other symptoms of this viral disease, significantly worsens the patient's health and mood.

One of the most common diseases is influenza.

Influenza (German grippen - “grab, squeeze”) - an infectious acute disease respiratory tract . Strains of the virus determined by the properties and structures of a large number of known proteins. It is important to note that the infection is highly contagious and, as a result, can become epidemic and epidemic. mass infection in a particular area. In total, it has now revealed 2000 different variations of the disease. Death statistics are boring - according to WHO, about 250,000 people die of influenza virus over the age of 65 for a year. In the summer the number of diseases and as a result the victims are increasing several times. This is due to the low temperature deficiency which introduces the anabiosis state of the viruses, ie, "closes". It should be noted that the lethal effect on a person is not believed to be applied by the influenza virus, its consequences, ie, the complications. These include:

respiratory diseases: pneumonia, lung abscess, empyema and others;
extrapulmonary: otitis, sinusitis, rhinitis, meningitis, neuritis, Ray's syndrome.
So in the area of ​​risk they have the most difficult disease and they have increased the likelihood of developing complications are found in children and seniors over 65 years old.

In the breathing process, the person passes a thousand liters of air, which spreads from various small particles, including viruses and bacteria. All of these settle in the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, where the immune system tries to prevent infection of the body. However, this is not always possible.

High air pollution, stress, unhealthy diet and daily routine - all of which have a negative impact on immunity, weakens. As a result, it fails and infection occurs. Doctors describe several main pathways of influenza infection:

in the air: infections are possible, especially when sneezing and coughing, but even during normal conversations;
contact and household: from the use of a dirty wipe to the use of contaminated utensils.

Diagnosis and symptoms

You can talk for hours about flu symptoms. In this article we limit ourselves to some of them:

General weakness

The symptoms of this category are very different: from a small headache to general poisoning of the body.
The description of the disease is very simple: body temperature rises, coughing and sneezing, headache, weakness, drowsiness.
Disruption of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT)

Often a sign of influenza. It is characterized by the presence of nausea and vomiting. Keep in mind that diarrhea with the flu is also a common symptom. Consider these symptoms in more detail.
Problems with the gastrointestinal tract during influenza

Often the disease causes discomfort in the intestines followed by loose stools. Delaying treatment of this symptom is undesirable because often impulses can seriously damage the intestinal microflora and cause dehydration. To prevent this, you must take a series of measures:

if you are sure that diarrhea and vomiting are caused by the flu, you should drink more water. Promotes the removal of harmful substances from the body. However, it should be kept in mind that consuming large amounts of water is dangerous because it may provoke vomiting, so that small portions of water need to be drunk, but frequently.
for the duration of the disease, or at least until the diarrhea stops, you can forget fruit juices, alcohol and coffee - they can trigger severe diarrhea because of their laxative properties;
Because foreign substances are perceived by the body, it is not necessary to take antibiotics. It is best to use tablets and medicines with Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. They improve intestinal flora and contribute to rapid recovery;
If you do not have appetite, then you should not try to eat forcibly. It is best to use it warm. It is worth remembering that cold foods can cause not only pain, but also new diarrhea and nausea. You can read the national treatment, you can refer to other methods;
It is useful to drink hot tea with lemon juice. Vitamin C in lemon also helps to restore suppressed immunity, which acts as a febrifuge.

By following the advice above, the patient will get very uncomfortable symptoms where the flu is the easiest. But if the diarrhea lasts about five days and you're not going to take part, you should consider in the hospital.

The most dangerous diarrhea in children under 2 years. This is due to the fact that the gastrointestinal microflora in young children has not yet fully formed and therefore the body cannot cope with serious discomfort on its own. In children, dehydration occurs much earlier than in adults, so if the liquid stool does not stop for more than three days, you should call the “emergency room..
Treatment of diarrhea with the flu

The list of ways to treat diarrhea is quite large. Here are some of the variations:

The first impulse is worth it - it will reduce the amount of harmful bacteria in the intestine;
a device such as "Regidron" which helps the body to cope with the virus;
If the tool is not at hand, you can use traditional methods: in chamomile juice, as well as on the broth and raisins or dried apricots, add a spoon of sugar, a pinch of salt and soda. The resulting decoction is consumed every half hour. These processes help to compensate for the balance of water and acid and salt in the body,
usually doctors recommend taking "". It envelops the intestinal wall and reduces irritation. It has similar characteristics and "".

By following these guidelines, you will forget about diarrhea with the flu and how fast it just depends on you.

Flu, during this time there is no more frequent stool, sometimes called intestinal flu, and this is not a coincidence. Scientists have found that regular influenza subtypes of influenza viruses also cause the mutation of the type A. It should also be noted that at least once people who had been sick with influenza have been modified to a much lower chance of contracting again, rather than other people.
Clinical picture

Despite the intensity of the disease, the disease is considered to be well treatable. The greatest danger is a complication caused by a virus. It should be noted that there is a place to strengthen chronic diseases, which means that influenza virus is the most dangerous for people with heart and respiratory problems.

Interestingly, the course of the disease may vary from person to person. For example, a patient can tolerate the disease gently with ease, only feeling mild discomfort, which is treated by drinking tea and a small amount of medication. On the contrary, some people suffer from influenza, a febrile condition, delirium, temperature rises to 41 degrees and above. If you have at least one of these symptoms, you should call the ambulance immediately. Any delay can lead to irreversible results.
Disease prevention

The main weapon against the flu is our immunity. Protecting and strengthening this host system to protect the body against disease is a key factor in prevention. For these purposes, there are many ways, some of them here:

take vitamins and prophylactic medicines - eat vegetables and fruits;
hardening - receiving the spirit of daily contrast;
active lifestyle - Daily exercise will bring goodness;
don't stress - try to be positive;
proper nutrition.

By following these simple tips, your body will be protected from any external stimuli. This is not only influenza, but also in principle is related to any disease.

In the crazy age, full of fuss, stress and endless rush, gastritis becomes one of the most common diseases. Gastritis is called inflammation of the gastric mucosa. There are various types of this disease depending on the duration, flow pattern and localization of the foci of inflammation, and each has its own symptoms. Can diarrhea be a symptom of this disease?

The acute form of the disease may be due to stress, improper eating regimen or quality, and the use of allergic drugs. The patient feels a sharp pain in the nausea. Diarrhea is often present in acute gastritis. When the cause of exacerbation is removed, the treatment is correct and the diet is observed, the mucous membrane is restored and the disease is withdrawn.

Chronic form may be nausea, vomiting, pain and weight in the stomach, individual exacerbations during the chair was broken, the emergence of a few years. Untreated gastritis can lead to serious forms of the disease, so consult a doctor with the first symptoms and you should not treat yourself.
Causes of diarrhea

Diarrhea with gastritis is usually caused by dietary disorders, but there may be other causes. With the disease, especially the chronic form Stomach significantly reduced the basic functions. Due to the inflammation of the mucous membrane production process is disrupted gastric juice. It is the person who plays a major role in the normal digestion of nutrients a person consumes.

Due to changes in secretory functions, two types of disease are distinguished: low and high acid. It is characteristic of gastritis, usually accompanied by constipation and reduced diarrhea secretion.
Causes of gastritis, digestive disorders with low acidity

With the lack of gastric juice, incomplete nutrient digestion occurs. It shows stagnation in the stomach and promotes the development of fermentation and rotting residues. A person usually feels nausea, belching, bad breath. Foods that are not completely digested can irritate the intestinal wall causing diarrhea. The patient's general health also deteriorates, feeling weak, apathy, anorexia.
Eating Disorders of Gastritis with High Acid

Violation chair specific to gastritis and different species - with increased secretion. However, the patient usually has constipation and severe pain that usually occurs after eating.

Destroying the mucosal wall, the impact can quickly settle in the stomach and digestive disorders and goiter by Helicobacter pylori bacteria may cause diarrhea Gastritis development and infection.
Disorder time

Depending on the form and duration of the disease, we can talk about short-term and long-term indigestion.

Short diarrhea

These digestive disorders usually last no more than three days. The cause of diarrhea in this case is spoiled foods, bad water or some stress. Usually, while proper diet and water balance in the body is respected, healing is achieved without the use of medicinal products.
Prolonged diarrhea

If the disease persists for more than 5 days and is accompanied by nausea and vomiting, you should contact the experts immediately. Prolonged diarrhea may cause dehydration. To find the main cause of the disease, you need to put a special diagnosis, a quick and effective treatment will help prescribe.
Main symptoms and symptoms of the disease

Often, violating the stool was accompanied by other symptoms of the disease. Normally, people with frequent diarrhea sometimes feel extreme weakness, nausea, accompanied by vomiting legs, fever, chills, gas, belching.

If you have these symptoms, it is best to ask for help immediately.
diagnostics

It is important to conduct a comprehensive diagnosis to determine the cause of the disease and to initiate competent treatment. Since fluid stool can be a symptom of many gastrointestinal system disorders, liver disease, pancreas or gall bladder and can also occur due to infectious contamination, it helps to determine the cause of a comprehensive study. Now the stomach is used for gastroscopy, this stomach.

In some controversial and complex situations, the doctor may refer to x-rays or meanings for the patient during an endoscopy to perform scraping and biopsy. In addition to instrumental methods, do research on the results of blood biochemical tests carried out in the urine and feces on blood levels.

Diarrhea treatment

Inadequately treated diarrhea can cause frequent disruptions and digestive disorders, leading to complications of the disease. It is particularly important as soon as possible to eliminate long-term diarrhea that threatens with rapid dehydration and is very dangerous to humans. In case of short-term stomach discomfort, the cause of the exacerbation must be quickly detected and eliminated. With its eradication, the development of the state usually takes place.

For any type of diarrhea, you must first leave certain products. Mostly those that cause fermentation in the stomach. These include bread and rye flour products, some fruits, honey, milk and legumes. The use of infusions and adornments made from daisies are boiled to a jelly-like pilaf, which can help diarrhea from dried steamed blueberries quickly. The patient should be given plenty of warm drink to prevent dehydration. Absorbent, activated carbon, Smekta or Enterosgel can be used.

If the cause of the disorder is chronic gastritis, then it is necessary primarily to treat.
Traditional medicine in the treatment of diarrhea

Treatment of folk remedies actively used in violation of various types of digestion. You should only use them after consulting your doctor. You can receive infusions and decoctions of plants with anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. For example, chamomile, St. John's wort, banana. You can take them separately and mix a spoon glass with boiling water, boil, leave the infusion for a few hours and take half a glass shortly before meals.

Wrap everything available wounds and heal: sea river oil, flax seeds and aloe juice. Oil and flax seed can be added to salads and strain and drink special teas from mucus stressed seeds.

Germinated wheat is an excellent means of enhancing the overall immune defense of the body and digestive system in particular.
Nutrition in the treatment of diarrhea caused by exacerbation of gastritis

Various diseases for various causes and any type of diarrhea caused by a symptom It is very important to follow a specific power system. During the treatment of gastritis is particularly important for the diet. In order not to provoke the development of complications and exacerbation of the disease, we should keep in mind that the digestive functions of the gastrointestinal tract have not yet been corrected and there may be malfunctions in the system, so that food should not be heavy.

A detailed diet and duration of diet for each patient is prepared by his doctor. But there are some general rules that should be followed during a disease. All harmful products should be excluded: fried, oily, salty, canned and spicy. Completely abandon fast food, alcohol, strong tea, coffee, sweet soda. Very small portions of food should be taken in a short period of time to pay attention to a special diet. All foods should be light without the use of spices. The use of fruits and vegetables that increase acidity (eg citrus fruits or tomatoes) increases fermentation (all kinds of cabbage, black bread, fresh pastries, legumes).

The menu may contain lean meats and fish types, which are better if steamed or boiled. For breakfast, it is recommended to regularly cook well cooked porridge with half milk. It is very suitable for the treatment and prevention of digestive disorders, to maintain the oatmeal in good condition of the body's immune system. You can use millet, rice or wheat from cereals. Dairy products with normal portability Restores stomach microflora and helps to heal quickly.

It promotes intestinal motility and, thanks to its sealing properties and soft consistency, vegetable soup-potatoes, zucchini and squash can restore the mucous walls of the stomach. Between meals you can eat some fruit: banana, green apple, peach. Drink a spoonful of sea buckthorn oil or herbal infusions before eating.
prevention

It is necessary to follow certain preventive measures in order to eliminate or minimize the relapse recurrence. If a person treats his / her health with care, he / she follows all the doctor's recommendations, takes the necessary medicines on time, adheres to a healthy diet, and even leads to a full life with a diagnosis of chronic gastritis and suffers less from pain, discomfort and indigestion.

To observe smoking habits, physical activity and nutrition, to give up bad habits - smoking, drinking alcohol, and making unlimited “gluttoni tam, it is very important that more exacerbations are fully healed and not repeated.

Diarrhea with gastritis is a very common symptom, but it is to observe preventive measures and take the necessary precautions. medications The body can cope with it without serious consequences.

Can you have diarrhea with hemorrhoids? Stool disorder is a common problem in this disease.

Patients may not only suffer from constipation, but also diarrhea. Loose stools irritate the skin and cause dehydration and overall weakening of the body.

Appropriate nutrition and a healthy lifestyle will help you cope with diarrhea, selected by a doctor, and medication.

VKontakte

Very loose stools are common with hemorrhoids. . In some cases, diarrhea that can be replaced by constipation, the feces remain compressed in the rectum and more liquid components flow out spontaneously. There are many reasons for this phenomenon. The main ones include:


Improper nutrition. The abundance of sweets, meat, animal fats causes softening of the feces. The same effect is the effect of fermentation products: mucous soups, sweet fruits, legumes, raw vegetables with a rough texture.
Unsuitable Drugs . Abuse of irritating laxatives or faecal emollients may cause diarrhea. The same effect is caused by some antibiotics, medicinal plants, oils and ointments introduced into the anus.
Disruption of the digestive process, characteristic of late stages of hemorrhoids . Food is digested rapidly, some of it is not digested and displayed with feces.
Hemorrhoid surgery . Stool disorder is a common complication after classical hemorrhoidectomy or some minimally invasive techniques.

Diarrhea is no less dangerous than chronic fecal involvement. Liquid feces contain large amounts of toxins that irritate the intestinal mucosa and skin. anus Multiple defecation weakens the patient and causes severe dehydration.

Constant tension throws blood on hemorrhoids, which causes them to grow and fall - this is very dangerous for a patient with diarrhea hemorrhoids. In combination, these symptoms are strongly impairing the quality of life of the patient, increasing the risk of inflammation, reinforcing, poorly improving fistula formation and anal fissures.

Its main task is to get rid of the toxins from the body and restore the water-salt balance if you have loose stools for hemorrhoids. Adsorbents required - activated carbon Smekta, Enserogel.

The last drug acts the least. Color and odor-free gel is diluted with a small amount of water and taken 3-4 times a day. Treatment ends after diarrhea (2-4 days).


The drug is non-toxic, does not enter the bloodstream and is completely excreted from the body. If necessary, the course can be repeated.

Powerful medications that quickly reduce attenuating diarrhea can only be used as directed by a doctor. and under his control. Such funding groups include Loperamide, Gastrolite, Attapulgite. Drugs have a number of contraindications, they are not suitable for people with severe chronic diseases, high blood pressure, malignant tumors.

Special medicines such as regidron to restore water balance. It can be replaced by homemade pure water solution by adding sugar, salt and soda. The solution is drunk in divided doses between meals.


In the first symptom of the diarrhea, the therapeutic program needs to be reviewed. Many hemorrhoids medication have side effects in the form of diarrhea.

Special attention should be given. When taking antibiotics, drugs containing analgesics, papaverine, glycerin.

If laxatives are required, prefer lactulose-based drugs that do not irritate the intestinal walls and soften the feces.

To normalize a chair, it is important to follow the protection menu. It is recommended to eat in small portions, 4-5 times a day . This mode allows you to completely digest food.

Food should not irritate the stomach. . During the exacerbation, foods that cause bloating and increased fermentation should be avoided: bread and pastries, sweets, fresh milk, legumes, meat and animal fats. An attack of diarrhea can provoke large amounts of fresh vegetables and fruits in vegetable oil and mucus soups.


The perfect diet consists of all cereals in water : millet, wheat, oats, barley.

Useful dairy products without bifidobacteria, lean fish, chicken breast or turkey.

Food must be cooked or cooked, fried, smoked, cooked over open fire will not work.

In the period of exacerbations give up the necessary fresh vegetables and fruits They should be replaced with steamed stew and mashed potatoes. The best assimilated cucumbers, zucchini, tomatoes, potatoes, carrots, apples, pears, apricots.

Cabbage, sorrel, beets, various fruits, citrus fruits, bananas and grapes are temporarily excluded from the menus. Loose stools will help drop rice porridge water on rice juice strong tea

Common diarrhea threatens dehydration. Weak chicken and vegetable juices that will help improve the condition of the patient Potassium and sodium, rich in antioxidants and vitamins, nourish the body with green tea, pure carbonated water.

On our site we have the following materials about proper nutrition:

with hemorrhoids can not eat and eat;
rules for proper nutrition;
about daily diet;
Diet with hemorrhoids and rectal fissures.

It is advisable not to drink caffeine-containing beverages, which will increase dehydration.

Diarrhea often does alcohol with diarrhea, including beer, energy, low-alcoholic cocktails . Anemia, fresh pomegranate and juice will help in cooking them, from beef or chicken liver, in the oven or in steam.

Diarrhea strongly irritates the skin and mucous membranes, causing swelling, inflammation, burning and itching. To minimize hemorrhoid discomfort after diarrhea, the anus should be thoroughly cleaned after each use of the toilet.

Even the most sensitive paper can cause irritation, moreover, it cannot completely eliminate pollution. Use wet wipes much more convenient. For example, choose the most delicate product designed for children.

Suitable for micro-cracks, chamomile, sage and aloe vera glands and irritated skin.


After a bowel movement, the anus area should be thoroughly wiped until the napkin is completely clean. Wash with cold water without soap at home comfortably.

After washing, the anus is dried with gauze or a clean towel specially reserved for this purpose. Towels should be washed frequently.

If the stool leaks automatically, you can use sanitary pads or clean gauze and replace them several times a day.

Perfect cleaning ensures good health and significantly reduces the risk of complications: inflammation, skin irritation, infection of wounds.

To completely eliminate the possibility of infection, doctors recommend that you shave all hairs in the groin area. . This procedure is especially necessary in patients with deep anal cracks and extensive skin irritations.

Hot shower with neutral gel or baby soap required twice a day. After water treatments, irritated skin is transmitted by gel with baby cream, azulene, allantoin or aloe extract. Oily ointment is undesirable and may cause swelling and additional irritation.

Diarrhea with hemorrhoids is a serious problem that cannot be ignored. Timely treatment and prevention of diarrhea will help prevent infections, irritations, and damage to blood vessels already suffering from excess.

Do not overdose Strong hygiene rules, a balanced diet and complete rejection of bad habits will bring great benefits.


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What are the Symptoms of Ebola Virus?


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The Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever disease, which has recently killed more than 800 people in four West African countries - Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone - is increasingly worried.

Ebola cases in Turkey were a deep breath with care not seen the statement made today of all our citizens.

We share the explanations about Ebola with you.

How dangerous is Ebola?

When the last epidemic erupted in Guinea in late 2013 to understand how dangerous Ebola is, the first virus seen in Guinea was later spread to a geography including major cities in Sierra Leone and Liberia. After a virus-affected person flew to Nigeria by plane, this country became one of the outbreaks. To date, 319 people in Guinea, 129 in Liberia and 224 in Sierra Leone have died from ebola.

The last outbreak contains the most deadly virus ever seen. 'Zaire ebolavirus', the virus that has caused the lives of 79 percent of people infected to date, is the virus that causes severe forms of hemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates. The 4th Risk Group is recognized as a Pathogen by the World Health Organization. There are three identifiable Ebola viruses. These are Ebola Sudan, Ebola Reston, Ebola Ivory Coast. It's a very dangerous virus. Causes diarrhea, bleeding, skin rash, and high fever. It takes its name from a river in Africa. It is contagious. Outbreaks are seen if not controlled. The Ebola virus is filamentous, approximately 80 nm long. The genetic material consists of RNA.

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever (EHA) is a disease that has been known since 1976 and is seen in severe, often fatal humans and primates (Monkeys and Chimpanzees). A river in Congo is called Ebola. It is an RNA virus from the family Filavoviridae. 3 of the 4 species have been identified: Ebola-Zaire, Ebola-Sudan and Ebola-Ivory Coast. Fourth, Ebola - Reston causes disease in primates.

Although its place in nature is unknown, the general idea based on evidence is thought to be of African origin. The Ebola-Reston virus was isolated from some kind of infected monkey, which came from Italy and the United States from the Philippines. This virus is not known in other countries like North America.

How is the Ebola virus transmitted?

Ebola is more difficult to transmit than the SARS or influenza virus and does not spread from the air. The disease is transmitted when touching the blood of an animal or patient or other body fluids such as sweat, pee, or sperm. Even at funerals, touching inanimate bodies with bare hands when burying patients can lead to infection. The incubation period of the virus lasts from two days to three weeks. Diagnosis is not easy; because the first symptoms resemble the flu.

How does it spread to people?
It is sporadic that people get sick with the Ebola virus. People don't carry the virus. Since it does not know its natural reservoir, it is not known how the disease causes an epidemic in humans. However, the first patient is thought to have become ill as a result of contamination with the infected animal. Once someone becomes ill, they can infect others in a number of ways. People can get the virus through direct contamination with the blood or secretion of the infected person. The virus can often spread among friends and families due to intimacy, nutrition, occupation, or other reasons between family or friends.

Humans may also be exposed to the virus as a result of contamination with certain objects, such as needles, contaminated with infected secretion. The outbreak of ROM is often associated with nasocomial transmission. This includes the two ways described above, but describes the spread by medical sets in hospitals or clinics. In Africa, patients are generally treated without mask and overshoes. In addition, many people may be infected by using non-disposable syringes or syringes, which can be washed with water and repeated use without sterilization. In Virginia, there has been an Ebola-Reston virus transmission from monkey to monkey by air. However, this type of transition is not defined in hospital or residents.

What happened in the later stages of Ebola?

In the later stages of the disease, blood comes from the eyes, nose, ears, mouth and rectum, and blood flows through the holes that the serum needle opens. Blood flow out of the body is seen as the most defining syndrome of the disease. Fever, vomiting and diarrhea seen in the early stages of the disease are already considered as other descriptive syndromes of many other diseases. Often, patients can recognize that they have ebola when bleeding occurs, and people with ebola will eventually die of multiple organ failure. The major reason for this is that the ebola virus rapidly destroys the white blood cells in the body, destroying the immune system, and the failure of the human body to fight the virus.
lost. The structure of the virus is not the only factor that is so dangerous. Because it was the first major ebola outbreak in West Africa, medical teams in the region are not adequately trained and experienced. What's more, people living in West Africa travel more than the people of Central Africa who have previously been outbreaking, causing the spread of the virus.

Information about Ebola's septomas

Symptoms and signs of Ebola are not the same in all patients. According to the frequency of the symptoms seen in the reported cases the symptoms are listed in the following table.

Within a few days after being infected with the virus, the most common symptoms of Ebola patients are High Fever, Headache Muscle Pain, Stomach Pain. Weakness, Diarrhea, but other symptoms are included. These include the feeling of pity in the throat, hiccups, rash, itching and redness in the eye, blood vomiting, bloody diarrhea.

Symptoms within a few weeks of infection with the virus are chest pain, blindness, bleeding, shock and death.

How is Ebola treated?

There is no standard treatment for ROM. Today, supportive treatment is being done. To reduce fluid loss in the body, patients are immediately connected to serum. Fluid - Electrolyte monitoring, oxygen monitoring, blood pressure monitoring and treatment for secondary infections. During the Kikwit outbreak, eight patients were given the blood of healed persons with EHA, seven of them survived. The efficacy of the treatment is still unknown because the study group is small.

How to prevent Ebola hemorrhagic fever?

In Africa, the EHA measure has many challenges. Because the location and identity of the natural reservoirs of the Ebola virus are unknown, several prevention methods are available. In the presence of the disease, the social and economic conditions allow the epidemic to spread, so public health care providers should recognize the cases of ROM. In addition, health care workers should have diagnostic test facilities, practice for isolation of cases and health care workers should have the opportunity to protect themselves. Infection control measures; gloves, special protective goggles, a full-length protective protective clothing, including a mask, protection from Ebola contamination with unprotected persons, and full sterilization techniques. The purpose of all these techniques; to avoid any person's contact with blood or secretions of any patient. If a patient with EHA dies, it is important to avoid direct contamination with the body of the deceased. CDC has prepared tools to meet the needs of healthcare workers. Together with the WHO, the CDC has developed practical guidelines for hospitals under the heading of Viral HEMORAGIC INFECTION CONTROL in the African Health Kit. This describes the procedures to be taken in terms of health and prevention of hospital-acquired transitions when Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, such as Ebola, is recognized using locally available facilities.

What is the likelihood of Ebola in Turkey?

an alert rapidly from the authorities in Turkey to spread the virus yet in Africa yapılmasa Only Turkey Ministry of Health for Borders and Coasts Health General Manager Hüsem Hall, abroad from Turkey, especially the first of the citizens who will travel to Africa Ebola virus disease 'to be caution against infectious and epidemic diseases. Africa is not known precaution is taken from people traveling to Turkey.

Platelet rich plasma is the short name of the application. In the treatment of PRP, tissue regeneration from platelet cells and healing processes of wounds begin. The aim is to activate vital growth factors.


PRP Treatment A serum is obtained by Ankara method. The substances in this serum proliferate the formation of new collagen and spread under the skin to assume the task of renewing the skin.


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Validation Services


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Sterile products are also vital in the production process to remove residues and impurities that may remain on the product and to reduce the amount of biological load that may remain on the product.

We provide training on how to define the cleaning process that is appropriate for your product, determine the parameters and verify the washing process. In this direction, we carry out cleaning procedures and cleaning instructions related to your products and define how to follow the cleaning process.

Sterilization Validation

Sterilization of medical devices is vital in the medical sector. Sterilization is a necessary process for most medical devices, which are often required by regulatory authorities. It is a process to purify the product from bacteria and other microorganisms that cannot be removed by regular cleaning processes. Therefore, sterilization requirements are addressed separately in ISO 13485: 2016.

Sterilization offers three safe conditions for surgery

Safe conditions for surgery indicate a situation where the patient, medical devices and the environment indicate minimal risk of surgical-related diseases and other medical problems. Safe medical conditions during surgery are extremely important because these conditions ensure the patient's own safety during surgery. Medical sterilization is therefore of critical importance because it provides three different medical safe conditions in surgery:

Sterilization stops the growth of bacteria in the devices and ultimately prevents the transfer of bacteria to the patient.

Sterilization stops the spread of fatal diseases such as HIV from devices to patients.

Sterilization prevents infections that may require additional surgery.

Sterilization requirements and how to comply

Sterilization requirements are spread throughout the entire ISO 13485: 2016 standard.

The Sterile Medical Device (Article 3.20) of ISO 13485: 2016 states that the sterility requirements of each medical device may be subject to applicable legal requirements.

Pollution control (see 6.4.2) is intended to prevent contamination after the devices have been sterilized. Controls may include dust collectors and ventilation systems and are monitored by air quality tests at a certain frequency in the assembly and packaging areas after sterilization.

Specific requirements for sterile medical devices (see 7.5.5) specify two direct requirements:

Records of sterilization process parameters of each batch - Sterilization process parameters must be recorded for each batch. Process parameters, pressure in the sterilization unit, temperature in the sterilization unit, gas flow rate in the unit, operator name and humidity etc. Includes environmental conditions. All process parameters that may affect product quality must be recorded for sterilization.

Traceability - All sterilization lots must be traceable.

Effective sterilization management builds customer confidence

In the absence of sterilization, medical devices pose many different intolerable health risks. Deaths can result in cases of microorganisms that infect the human body. Therefore, the ISO technical committee correctly reviewed the current sterilization requirements in the previous version and added new controls in ISO 13485: 2016. Validation of sterilization processes - A procedure should be developed to address the validation of sterilization processes. Before proceeding with regular production, you must verify that this equipment will remove microorganisms from bio-contaminated vehicles.

For this reason, the sterilization process in order to ensure the same efficiency in each application

-The device used in sterilization

-The materials used in the process

-The process parameters (heat, humidity, pressure, time, ventilation)

-Antimicrobial activity

- Sustainability and reproducibility of the process

verification is required.

We provide services for creating and reporting protocols, procedures and instructions on how all these operations should be performed. We provide personnel trainings on the realization of sterilization validation process within your company.

Process Validation

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Packaging Validation

Sterile packaging must be verified for package safety. In the validation process;

- Installation and operation of the device used in sterile closure

-Compatibility and performance of packaging material

- Suitability and performance of the applied process

-Specific time protection performance of the product of the sterile package should be proved.

We set up procedures, instructions on how to perform packaging validation, and organize information and trainings on how much sample for which tests should be carried out in the light of sample selection criteria.


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A criminal complaint from the dentist to the private hospital: Claim that he lost his mother as a result of neglect


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Kahramanmaras gangrene toe cut because of his mother died of hospital infection, suggesting that the woman, the private hospital officials filed a criminal complaint to the prosecutor's office.

Allegedly, Hatice Timurkaan (65), the toe due to diabetes mellitus due to gangrene was taken to the private hospital in the city by relatives.

Timürkaan cut his finger, his wound healed by relatives of another private hospital was taken to the intensive care unit was being treated.

Timürkaan lost his life struggle in the intensive care unit.

Dentist Cennet Tasdemir filed a criminal complaint with the prosecutor about the hospital staff claiming that his mother died due to hospital infection.

"My mother's been infected with a nosocomial infection."

Tasdemir, told reporters, his mother's toe last year on October 29 in the private hospital due to gangrene, he said.

Tasdemir discharged his mother after discharging his finger, the wound healed and taken to another private hospital, indicating that the pain Tasdemir said, "My mother entered the private hospital on November 3, 2018 and died on December 10, 2018. We have assays that my mother is infected with the hospital infection. "Acinetobacter baumannii", a deadly nosocomial infection, is a world-wide bacterium that kills 85 percent of patients when infected. " he said.

Tasdemir, his mother's finger was cut in the hospital, asserting that this type of infection in the analysis, arguing:

"November 28 and December 2 assays 'Acinetobacter baumannii infection has grown' he has the result. When I first hospitalized there was no such thing. I got the results of my analysis before losing my mother. After losing my mother when I want the result 'No such results.' When this infection develops, the intensive care unit should be evacuated.

I filed a criminal complaint to the prosecution. In addition, CIMER, the Ministry of Health and Provincial Health Directorate had complaints, I started a legal struggle. "

Tasdemir, his mother passed away after 4 hours, they claimed that the news.

Officials of the private hospital, said they would not make a statement on the issue.



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What is EBOLA Virus?


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Since we do not know the natural reservoir, we do not know how the disease causes an epidemic in humans. However, it is assumed that the first patient became ill as a result of contamination with the infected animal.

WHAT IS EBOLA HEMOROGIC FEVER?
EHA is a disease that has been known since 1976 and is common in humans and primates (Monkeys and Chimpanzees) that are severe, often fatal. A river in the Congo is called Ebola. It is an RNA virus from the family Filavoviridae. 3 of the 4 species have been identified: Ebola - Zaire, Ebola - Sudan and Ebola - Ivory Coast. Fourth, Ebola - Reston causes disease in primates.

LOCATION IN NATURE
Unknown. Evidence shows that it is thought to be of African origin. The Ebola-Reston virus was isolated from some kind of infected monkey, which came from Italy and the United States from the Philippines. This virus is not known in other countries like North America.

WHERE DOES EBOLA HEMOROGIC FEVE Occur?
In Congo, Gabon is also located in Ivory Coast, Sudan and Uganda. A person known to be serologically ill but not ill has been reported from Liberia. In England, a laboratory worker caught the disease as a result of prickling. There has been no report of human illness in America. In America and Italy, the Ebola - Reston virus has caused death and serious illness in monkeys. During this outbreak, several investigators were infected with the virus but did not become ill. EHA is seen as sporadic outbreaks. It is usually spread with medical equipment, although it is probably the only case that cannot be diagnosed.

HOW DOES THE EBOLA VIRUS SPREAD?
It is sporadic that people get sick with the Ebola virus. People don't carry the virus.
Since we do not know the natural reservoir, we do not know how the disease causes an epidemic in humans. However, it is assumed that the first patient became ill as a result of contamination with the infected animal. Once someone becomes ill, they can infect others in several ways. People can get the virus through direct contamination with the blood or secretion of the infected person. The virus spreads frequently between friends and families, due to intimacy, nutrition, occupation, or other reasons between family or friends. Humans may also be exposed to the virus as a result of contamination with certain objects, such as needles, contaminated with infected secretion. The outbreak of ROM is often associated with nasocomial transmission. This includes the two ways described above, but describes the spread with medical sets in hospitals or clinics. In Africa, patients are generally treated without mask and overshoes. In addition, many people may be infected by using non-disposable syringes or syringes, which can be washed with water and repeated use without sterilization. Virginia has also had an Ebola - Reston virus transmission from monkey to monkey by air. However, this type of transition is not defined in hospital or residents.

SYMPTOMS OF EBOLA HEMOROGIC FEVER
The symptoms and signs of ROM are not the same in all patients. According to the frequency of the symptoms seen in the reported cases the symptoms are listed in the following table.

Symptoms in Most Ebola Patients

Symptoms of Some Ebola Hats
High Fever, Headache Muscle Pain, Stomach Pain within a few days after being infected with the virus.
Within a few weeks of infection with the virus Chest pain, shock and death Blindness, bleeding
Researchers have failed to understand why some people get better and others don't. However, it is known that patients who do not have significant immune response at the time of death usually die.

HOW IS EBOLA HEMOROGIC FEVER CLINICAL RECOGNIZED?
It is difficult to diagnose because of symptoms that are non-specific to the virus such as red and itchy eye, skin rash within a few days of infection. If there is a suspicion of Ebola virus with the group of symptoms mentioned in the table above, laboratory tests should be performed quickly. These tests include blood spread and culture for the malaria. If the patient has bloody diarrhea, stool culture should also be performed.

LABORATORY TESTS USED FOR EBOLA HEMOROGIC FEVER
ELISA, IgG ELISA, PCR and Virus Isolation tests can be used for diagnosis within a few days of onset of symptoms. IgM and IgG antibody tests may be used for subsequent periods or after recovery. In addition, the dead people respectively; Immunohistocemistry, virus isolation, PCR can be used.

HOW IS EBOLA HEMOROGIC FEVER TREATED?
There is no standard treatment for ROM. Nowadays, supportive treatment is performed. Fluid - Electrolyte monitoring, oxygen monitoring, blood pressure monitoring and treatment for secondary infections. During the Kikwit outbreak, eight patients were given the blood of healed patients with EHA, seven of them survived.

HOW TO PREVENT EBOLA HEMOROGIC FEVER?
In Africa, the EHA measure has many challenges. Because the location and identity of the natural reservoirs of the Ebola virus are unknown, several prevention methods are available.
In the presence of the disease, the social and economic conditions allow the epidemic to spread, so public health care providers should recognize the cases of ROM. In addition, health care workers should have diagnostic test facilities, practice for isolation of cases and health care workers should have the opportunity to protect themselves. Infection control measures; gloves, special protective goggles, a special protective clothing, including a mask; The purpose of all these techniques; to avoid any person's contact with blood or secretions of any patient. If a patient with EHA dies, it is important to avoid direct contamination with the body of the deceased.
CDC has prepared tools to meet the needs of healthcare workers. Together with the WHO, the CDC developed practical guidelines for hospitals under the heading of Viral Hemorrhagic Infection Control in the African Health Kit. This describes the procedures to be taken in terms of health and prevention of hospital-acquired transitions when Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, such as Ebola, is recognized using locally available facilities.

OTHER CONTROLS AND CONTROLS IN EBOLA HEMOROGIC FEVER
Scientists and researchers; They are developing additional diagnostic methods for the early diagnosis of the disease and the ecological investigation of the causative agent of the disease and the Ebola virus. the ability to moniterize those suspected to detect the incidence of the disease. In order to prevent future outbreaks effectively, more information about the spread of the virus and its reservoirs is essential.


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Wound care principles


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Acute traumatic wound care is the most common intervention in emergency medicine practice. More than 10 million wound care is performed in the US each year.

Objectives of wound care

one. Preserves vivid tissues

2nd. Restoration of tissue continuity and function

3. Optimizing the conditions in the development of wound resistance

4. Prevention of long and excessive inflammation

5. Avoiding infection and other disrupting causes

6. Minimizing scar formation



First Inspection

History: The mechanism of injury, the time of injury, the environmental conditions of the wound and the immune status of the patient are learned.

If the wound is cleaned and closed, contaminated bacteria will proliferate in the wound. Treatment of contaminated wounds results in infection when delayed by up to 3 hours. The time between injury time and the safe closure time without risk of infection is the golden period and does not have a fixed time. While the well-blooded facial skin can be closed within 48 hours, the wound on the foot nail bed of an elderly patient should be closed immediately.

Other important issues in terms of infection risk are the patient's age and health status. Advanced age, chronic diseases and drug use, shock, recurrent traumas, infection, bacteremia, denervation and peripheral vascular diseases slow down the healing rate.

In addition, the presence of special treatments, allergies, tetanus immunization status, potential rabies contact, foreign body and previous traumas and deformities should be learned.

Physical Examination: All wounds should be examined for tissue destruction, degree of contamination, and damage to underlying tissues. The examination should be carried out in accordance with the aseptic technique.

Injury mechanism and classification of wounds: 3 types of mechanical force damages soft tissues. Tear, stress and compression. Wound is defined according to tissue separation or loss. It is classified into 6 categories: Abrasion, laceration, crush wounds, penetrating wounds, avulsion and combined wounds.

Contaminated bacteria and foreign bodies: The presence of bacteria and dead tissues in the wound and local tissue ischemia or hypoxia cause wound infection. Traumatic injuries are divided into two categories according to the degree of bacterial contamination of the wounds. Contaminated wounds: Traumatic wounds older than 12 hours. Dirty wounds: Devitalized or traumatic wounds older than 12 hours are accompanied by a significant number of bacteria and are predominantly contaminated with pathogenic organisms.

Wound localization: The number of bacteria (> 10 5 / cm 2 ) in the scalp, neck, axilla, perineum, penis, vagina, mouth, intertriginous areas and nail endogenous microflora is sufficient to infect the wound. Well-blooded areas such as scalp and face are more resistant to bacterial entry. Distal extremity wounds are more susceptible to infection than injuries to other parts of the body.

Devitalized tissue: An important part of the wound examination is the identification of dead tissues. Tissue damage reduces resistance to infection in the wound.

Underlying tissues: It is important to investigate the injury of the underlying tissues during the examination. Irrigation of the joint space, debridement and reduction of fracture fragments, neurorrhaphy, vascular anastomosis and flexor tendon repair should be performed in the operating room with the help of appropriate light, necessary instruments and assistants.



Cleaning

The cornerstones of wound care are cleaning, debridement, sealing and protection. While most of the wounds are contaminated with less than the infective dose of bacteria, they reach the infective level if time is prolonged and the appropriate environment is provided. Wound cleaning and debridement have common goals. 1. Remove bacteria and reduce them below the level of infection 2. Remove particles and bacteria from the tissue during the inflammatory period of healing or beyond the critical threshold. Wound cleaning methods: mechanical wiping, antiseptics, irrigation, irrigation with antibiotic solutions. Appropriate sedation, local anesthesia and appropriate substance should be chosen for these patients. Irrigations should be done with high pressure and scrub solutions should be applied by applying a sponge. Hydrogen peroxide should not be used on open wounds.



Wound closure preparation

It should be prepared and covered before the wound is closed or debrided. Hair and hair should not be shaved. If it is to be worked between the hair, the hair should be separated from the wound and collected. The hair and hair which may enter the wound can be laid aside with petrolatum gel or water-soluble ointments. Eyebrows should never be shaved.

10% povidone iodine solution is used as standard for skin disinfection. Only a large area around the wound should be stained and no solution should be applied into the wound. After washing the hands, remove the powders from the gloves before touching the wound with sterile gloves. If a URI is present, it is recommended to use a face mask. Perforated cover is covered on the wound. If anesthesia is still not achieved, it is repeated. The wound is opened in depth and examined for any damage to foreign body, particulate material, bone fragments and underlying tissues for repair. Lacerations extending down to the subcutaneous adipose tissue are important because a large amount of particulate material can be hidden within the deep layers of the tissues. With careful examination, these contaminants should be removed from the deep tissues and sutured. If so, infection is monitored.



debridement

It is important in the treatment of contaminated wounds. With this technique, the doctor removes tissues such as foreign bodies, bacteria and devitalized tissue that prolong the period of inflammation and impair the resistance of the wound to infection. Very dirty wounds, irregular wounds, defined devitalized tissues are prepared by this technique. For this purpose, 1 or 2 hooks of appropriate size, 15 scalpel and handle, tissue shears, hemostats and small tissue forceps are required. Grasping the edge of the blackened tissue with hook or forceps or scissors or tissue scissors to the other end of the devitalized tissue is cut away. After debridement, the missing part is irrigated outside the wound. Since tissues that have lost viability such as dura, fascia and tendon cause significant functional losses, these tissues are not debrided and cleaned properly.



excision

If the tissue has a certain elasticity or tension and does not contain important tissues such as tendons, nerves and is contaminated, the entire wound can be removed. It is a more effective technique than debridement. The trunk, gluteal region and thigh are suitable for this technique. It is made with the materials used in debridement and similar technique.



Selective debridement

Selective tissue debridement technique is used in the wounds of the tissues where skin elasticity is insufficient or tissue loss or which have important functions that need to be protected (such as dura, fascia, nerve, tendon).

After excision or debridement, the tissue is irrigated and the remaining tissues are removed.



Bleeding control

Bleeding from the wound is common and should be checked before examination, cleaning or debridement. Sometimes wound exploration and cleaning can cause bleeding. Hemostasis is required at any stage of wound care. Hematoma that will occur in the wound causes suturing at the edges of the suture, delaying healing and infection.

There are many methods for bleeding control. Pressure control with glove finger, sponge or compress are effective methods for emergency control of a small number or from one place of bleeding. At least 5 min. pressure should be applied. The pressure is more effective if the bleeding wound is raised above the heart level.

Bleeding can be controlled with compression dressings in patients with multiple injuries and various emergency problems.

Another method used in hemostasis is the ligation of the blood vessel with a well absorbed suture material. A common mistake is to spend too much time to connect small blood vessels. Hemostasis is achieved by carefully holding only the vessel with the tip of a hemostasis clamp. A 5-0 or 6-0 synthetic absorbable suture material is wrapped around the hemostat to remove the knot. Once the suture on the vessel is secured, the hemostat is removed. It is cut so that at least the suture material is left behind. In cases of hemorrhage from the wound wall that cannot be held with hemostat, a horizontal matres or 8 sutures are placed around the bleeding point and ligated.

Core diameter 2 mm. greater than is connected. 2 mm. veins under the direct compression or cautery bleeding is controlled.

1: 100000 epinephrine is a good topical vasoconstrictor agent and reduces bleeding from small vessels. When combined with local anesthetics, it provides hemostasis in well-blooded areas. Topical or intradermal administration may increase the risk of wound infection.

Fibrin foam, gelatin foam and microcrystalline collagen can be used as hemostatic agent.



Tourniquet

They are used to temporarily control bleeding in wounds on the extremities that are resistant to direct compression, electrocautery, or ligation. It also facilitates the examination of small foreign bodies, partial laser tendon or joint capsule in bleeding areas in lacerations.

The tourniquet causes injury in 3 ways: It causes ischemia in the extremities, It causes compression and damage to the lower vessels and nerves, and it can threaten the survival of borderline viable tissue. To avoid these injuries, attention should be paid to tourniquet pressure and duration. For this, systolic pressure (250-300 mmHg according to some authors) at a pressure of 30-45 min. (max 1 hour) should be applied. Veins should be evacuated before tourniquet application. A tourniquet should not be applied with thin materials. When the process is completed, the tourniquet should be removed. A tourniquet can be applied to the finger with the help of a penren drain or glove finger.



CLOSING



Open wound care and delayed closure

If the skin in the defect area is immobilized, such as the scalp or pre-tibial area, it is impossible to close the defect completely. In very dirty wounds, the risk of wound infection increases as a result of closure. Therefore, the general rule is to close the wounds that you believe are clean or that you believe will be cleaned by brushing, irrigation or debridement. Wounds to be left open for wound healing are cleaned and, if necessary, debrided and covered with sterile, SF moistened sponge. The wound is wrapped with a thin, absorbent, sterile drape. If fever does not develop, the wound is not mixed for 4 days, unnecessary inspection increases the risk of contamination and infection. At the end of the 4th day, the wound is re-evaluated. If there is no infection and the wound edges are appropriate or the wound is excised, delayed closure is performed.

Wounds requiring open maintenance and delayed closure: wounds contaminated with soil, organic matter, saliva, faeces, vaginal secretions and purulent materials, wounds with extensive tissue damage, and many animal bites. In animal bites, the wounds on the face are completely excised and sutured. Dog bites outside the extremity can be sutured.



methods

The appropriate closure technique is selected according to the location and configuration of the wound. These techniques are suturing, tape bonding and metal stapler. The tapes are easy to apply and are preferred for non-cooperating and fearful patients. It causes minimal skin reaction, no suture marks on the skin, and the lowest risk of infection is the technique. Metal staplers can be applied quickly in suitable places but can be used in non-cosmetic areas and linear wounds. In many cases suturing is the most preferred method.



Equipment

Tools: Needle holder (suture) and suture scissors are required in addition to those used in debridement. The portugal size is selected according to the needle to be used. New instruments should be used for debridement of highly contaminated wounds. If the instruments have clotted blood contamination, they should be used after flushing with hydrogen peroxide.

Suture Materials: Many suture materials are available. They can be defined by 4 characteristics.

one. Chemical and physical properties

2nd. Structural and mechanical performance

3. Absorption and reactivity

4. Persistence and magnitude of tensile strength

Suture materials are of various compositions. They can be grouped as natural, synthetic, monofilament, multiflorant. Depending on the structure and performance, it is important that the suture is preferred to pass through the tissue smoothly, to be easily knotted and to be stable. Multiflatable sutures have the best structural properties.

If the knot 3 mm. 3 sutures in silk or other braided, nonabsorbable materials, 3 synthetic monofilaments absorbable and nonabsorbable sutures should be discarded.

Absorption and reactivity: Those that break down rapidly in tissue are called absorbable. Those who maintain the tensile strength for more than 60 days are called nonabsorbable. Plain catgut absorbs in 10-40 days, chrome catgut 15-60 days, ethikon 10-14 days, vicryl 60-90 days and dexon 120-210 days. Plain catgut in the oral cavity 3-5 days, chrome catgut 7-10 days, polyglycolic acid disappear in 16-20 days. The complete absorption of silk from the skin is approximately 2 years. The absorption rates of synthetic absorbable sutures are independent of suture size.

The sutures lose their resistance before being fully absorbed from the tissue. Braided absorbable sutures lose all of their resistance at 21 days, monofilament absorbable, and PDS, ethicon lose 60% of their resistance at 28 days. In a study comparing suture resistance and wound resistance catgut 7 days; chrome catgut, dexon, and vicryl remained intact for 10-21 days and nylon, silk and wire for 20-30 days.

All sutures provoke host defense and inflammation with tissue damage. The size of the reaction is characterized by the nature (diameter and length) of the material placed in the tissue and the chemical structure of the suture. Among the absorbable sutures, polyglycolic acid and polyglactin sutures are the least reactive. Nonabsorbable polypropylene is less reactive than nylon and dacron. The reaction with catgut, silk and cotton sutures is more pronounced.

The chemical structure of the suture is important in identifying early infection. The infection rate in polyglycolic acid sutures is lower than catgut. Lubricants coated on sutures do not alter suture reactivity, absorption characteristics, decreased resistance or risk of infection.

Size and resistance: The size of the suture material (yarn diameter) is the measurement of the tensile strength of the suture. The greater the yarn diameter, the greater the durability. The correct suture size depends on the tensile strength of the tissue layers to be applied.

The most necessary suture materials for wound closure to the emergency physician are dexon and coated vicryl for subcutaneous tissues and synthetic nonabsorbable materials (nylon or polypropylene) to close the skin. The fascia can be repaired with any material absorbable or nonabsorbable 3-0 or 4-0. 4-0 or 5-0 absorbable subcutaneous tissues, 4-0 or 5-0 nonabsorbable materials are used on the skin. 6-0 for wounds on the face, 3-0 or 4-0 sutures are used in areas exposed to dynamic stresses such as the articular surface or static stresses such as scalp.

Needles: Needless eye is used in most emergency departments. The selection of the appropriate needle size and curvature is based on the characteristics of the tissue to be sutured and the size of the wound. When the repositioning motion is made by holding the needle with the holder at the distal end of the needle, it must be large enough to move deeply through the tissue and exit from the opposite skin. In wound repair, the needles should be strongly penetrated and the fibrous tissues should be able to pass with minimal resistance or trauma without breaking. Needles are used to close subcutaneous tissues with ½ or 3/8 twisted needles. In percutaneous closure, conventional needles provide precise insertion and require less penetration power.

Suture Techniques

Preparation is made by wound care. 4 principles should be followed in the suture of laceration anywhere.

1. Minimal trauma should be applied to the schools. Tissues should not be traumatized when using instruments.

2.The resistance on the wound edges should be reduced. This resistance can be reduced in two ways. Loosening under the wound edges and layered closure.

3.Closed in accordance with the floors. There are usually 3 layers in the wounds closed in the emergency department. Fasia, subcutaneous tissue and skin. Tissues that are not applied in layers: Scalp, finger, hand, foot, nail, nose skin. It is not recommended to close the layers in layers with weak tension without blood supply. The surface stitch of these wounds and wounds should be placed deeper.

4. Skin lines and contours should be observed.


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Ambulance hygiene


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Since the time of Hippocrates, the main purpose of medicine is to improve the health of individuals, at least not to harm it. However, mistakes and accidents are inevitable wherever there is a human and an application. In this context, medical errors are inevitable in the health industry, which is a sector where labor force use and technological applications are intense and which also includes dangerous elements. Ambulance is a vital tool used in patient transport, but sometimes it comes to the agenda as a source of accident, fall, drop, medical malpractice or infection, and in this sense, ambulance cleaning and hygiene gains importance.

Ambulance Hygiene for Patient Safety
The aim of patient safety, which is defined as önlen prevention of future harm to patients,, is to establish a system that will prevent errors during service delivery, protect the patient from possible damages due to errors and eliminate the possibility of errors. In this context, ensuring the safety of patients at every stage of health service delivery is the priority of the health system. Because, patient safety violations cause disability and complications and increase mortality and morbidity rates. In addition, these violations have extremely important consequences with economic and human characteristics such as unnecessary extra medication for patients, prolongation of treatment, increased health expenditures, loss of morale and motivation in health workers, and adversely affecting the trust of the patient / relatives and the society in the health system. In this sense, patient safety practices are an important requirement in the provision of all health services including ambulance services. Among these, infection control, including sterilization and disinfection, is of great importance. The importance of the subject will be better understood, especially considering that 5-15 percent of the infections in the world develop depending on the provision of health services and one third of these infections are preventable. In addition, the emergence of bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics and their transport by patients necessitate infection control in ambulance services as in other health services.

Ambulance Hygiene Approaches
For the first emergency approaches and other reasons, the ambulance is infected during the use of the ambulance for the patient transplantation and the infection of the microorganism to the health worker or the next patient is very important for the safety of the patient and the employee. Ambulances can be the source of different pathogens because they are used during the transplant of many patients with various diseases or infections. Strict infection control protocols should be implemented and monitored to prevent the ambulance from becoming a source of infection to patients or employees. Current research on pre-hospital infection is mostly related to yaygın prevalence of pathogens in samples on the surface of ambulances or devices cihaz and “contamination rates of specific pathogens”. To prevent the ambulance from being a source of contamination, there should be an evidence-based and cost-effective infection control protocol for ambulances and their equipment. Medical devices and materials are generally classified into three categories (critical, semi-critical and non-critical) according to the possibility of being contaminated. Devices that are in direct contact with the airway mucous membranes of patients, such as, for example, a laryngoscope blade, are considered “critical.. Since the ambulance devices and materials are very large and varied, the schematic approach to contamination based on this risk grouping surveillance will be of great help in implementing infection control and quality assurance. During the ambulance services, it is very important that the health personnel are aware of both the ambulance hygiene and the preventive measures against infections, because both the patient and the health personnel share the indoor environment of the cabin, contact with the interventional devices and occasional penetrating injuries. For this reason, ambulance cleaning includes decontamination procedures inside and outside the vehicle, as well as decontamination or sterilization of medical devices used during patient interventions.

General Ambulance Cleaning
Routine cleaning of the ambulances should be done internally and externally once a week. It should be cleaned after every case and every morning. Cleaning is done by the health personnel on duty. All surfaces in contact with the patient / personnel in the ambulance should be cleaned. Cleaning must be complete and in accordance with hygiene rules, with gloves. The floor is swept, the cabinets and surfaces in the ambulance are wiped with 1/100 bleach. If patient secretions and blood contamination are present, 1/10 bleach is used for cleaning. Then dry with a soft cloth and ventilate the vehicle. In the exterior cleaning of the ambulance, starting from the top, wash the outer surface with warm or cold water using soap or vehicle shampoo, rinse with clean water and dry with a soft cloth.
Cleaning of Equipment Used in Ambulance
How and how often all equipment will be cleaned in the ambulance, and the cleaning materials to be used must be known to everyone at the station. Because unfortunately no other staff is assigned to do this job. In case of return, the ambulance equipment is cleaned by the duty team and the material is recorded in the cleaning checklist and signed. High or low level disinfectant is applied according to the pollution rate of the equipments used. High-level disinfection is applied for equipment contaminated with blood and body fluids, while low-level disinfection is applied in the absence of this transmission. Here, commonly; Bleach containing 5 percent chlorine is used for high level disinfection by diluting 1/10 ratio and used for low level disinfection by diluting 1/100 ratio. During decontamination, gloves, gowns, masks, if necessary, protective shoes or special shoes should be worn. Ideally, disposable garments should be used during the decontamination process and, after the process is finished, put in a biological waste bag and autoclaved or incinerated. In the absence of disposable garments, the garments worn during cleaning and disinfection should be transported to the laundromat by placing them in biological waste bags, where they should be washed at 71 ° C. Wetting the contaminated garments before they are sent to the laundry is useful to prevent possible aerosol scattering during the garment separation prior to washing. Personnel performing decontamination should take a shower with soap and water after the process is finished and after removing contaminated clothing. If a patient is diagnosed with an infectious disease or suspected of infection, the ambulance should be cleaned after transport, using a special method and special disinfectants, if notified.

Precautions During Ambulance Cleaning
The presence of infectious disease is very important for ambulance personnel. Carelessness and unexpected accidents may result in contamination of the injured skin or directly through a mucous membrane. In the presence of infectious diseases, it is important that staff protect both themselves and others from cross-infections. Therefore, it has to know some infectious diseases and ways of protection from them. The paramedical team should always wear gloves to protect itself, and wear a mask if there is a risk of respiratory infection. If an upper respiratory tract infection is present, it should not be reported and work in order to remove the risks posed by this close service during the disease. If the patient has a bleeding or severe vomiting, he should wear medical goggles. Needles, scalpels, disposable knives and similar instruments used in the ambulance should be disposed in special containers with “ biohazards zararlı emblem in order to prevent them from going out. Since such materials are medical waste, they should be treated separately from other wastes in the garbage. In cases where the ends of such materials and tools need to be closed, caution should not be caused and the accident should not be caused. Measures should also be taken to prevent people from collecting these wastes. It has been reported that many infectious diseases are transmitted as a result of carelessly disposing of incisive and incisive tools in random trash. Infectious diseases, in particular blood-borne microorganisms, are responsible for the development of serious illness on health personnel. Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, other dangerous viral hepatitis, HIV / AIDS, Mycobacterium tuberculosis , and tetanus are among the leading ones. Regular, careful and calm work must be done to prevent these undesired accidents that may occur during work. Wear gloves is one of the most important protective measures (Figure 2). Spilled or spilled blood should be wiped with the aid of a disinfectant and the materials used should not be left in the middle, but should be placed in medical waste. Work areas should always be kept clean and spotless. As a result, ambulances are risk factors for spread of infection. All ambulance employees should be subjected to continuous in-service training. For this, the training subjects should be determined in detail and trainers from all levels should provide these trainings within a certain plan.

Infections Carried by Ambulance: Current Situation
Studies have reported that serious contamination may occur in ambulances before cleaning, and even after cleaning, pathogenic microorganisms may persist. However, contamination is usually reduced after vehicle cleaning. Many of the contaminated bacterial species shown in the various areas of the ambulance are harmless, non-pathogenic, skin flora and species found in nature. However, it is detected in S. aureus and other pathogen agents. In a Korean study, the presence of microorganisms in ambulance surveillance was 49 percent, some of which were identified as pathogens, many as environmental or normal flora members. In our study, 20 S. paucimobilis, 2 A. woffii, 2 S.aureus, 2 K.pneumoniae, 20 (CNS) were detected in the swab samples evaluated in 16.7 percent of the swab samples. In the US study, the rate of methicillin-resistant S.aureus (MRSA) was reported as 12.4 percent. In a study conducted in Korea, only one sample was found to be MRSA positive. Environmental microorganisms will cause problems for patients with weak immune systems. Noh et al. found environmental microorganisms such as Acinetobacter or Pseudomonas in ambulance workers. The presence of these microorganisms may mean that cleaning and washing are insufficient for the ambulance. Both the patient and the health care personnel come into contact with the instruments used during transportation and interventions, and stab wounds may occur. In order to protect against blood-borne infections, it is necessary to comply with universal precautions, to clean the barrier, used tools, gloves and other equipment and to eliminate waste, to take protective measures after immunization and exposure.
In our study, 82.5 percent of ambulance personnel were vaccinated against hepatitis B, 11.5 percent against influenza, 79.8 percent stated that they received medical waste training and 51.9 percent indicated that they paid attention to hand hygiene. 39.4 percent of the respondents reported that they experienced a case-to-case risk in the same ambulance cabin, and 15.4 percent reported case-personnel transmission. In our study, it was emphasized that the medical instruments used were cleaned after each application; 75% for instruments requiring high-level disinfection such as laryngoscope, and 28.8 percent for instruments requiring low-level disinfection, such as sphygmomanometer. Regular car cleaning is also very important. In our study, while 29.8 percent reported that the ambulance had done the patient cabin clean-up after each case, despite the fact that they were working at the same station, the rate of those who said that they could only be done once a day was 49 percent. In the results of working; It has emerged that ambulance employees need to raise awareness of both themselves and patients against infectious infectious diseases and ambulance hygiene. The fact that 36.5 percent of the ambulance personnel participating in the study stated that they needed additional training in ambulance hygiene shows a serious deficit in the field.

Ambulance Hygiene Recommendations
1. Areas and materials to be cleaned in the ambulance: Door handle, cabin wall and holding areas, patient carried canvas, sphygmomanometer sleeve, stethoscope head, monitor, jumping bag, patient safety belt, neck collar, ambu, aspirator connection part.

2. More susceptibility should be shown when transporting patients with an epidemic agent (bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics-MRSA, VRE, CPE Kus - Avian influenza, swine flu, Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus…).
3. Each new emergency case is a possible source of contamination and ambulance workers are in contact with possible bacteria. In case of spilled infected body fluid, disinfection of blood and body fluids should be done immediately with chlorinated disinfectant. Hepatitis B and HIV viruses can remain in dried blood for months. In addition, the time available to clean the vehicle prior to the next emergency call is a critical factor in taking due care.
4. Having an ambulance cleaning program with frequency and methods provides a systematic approach to cleaning and decontamination.
5. Studies show that the current levels of clearance are insufficient and may cause environmental contamination with potential pathogens. Therefore, vehicle cleaning procedures and regulations should be examined and applied as required to reduce the contamination of harmful bacteria and to prevent the ingress of bacteria from cleaning equipment.



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Sterile Cell Culture Technique


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transcripts

1 Contamination

2 Sterile Cell Culture Technique

3 Contamination Contamination is one of the most common problems in cell culture laboratories. It is the case in which the culture medium in which the cells are cultured is invaded by a number of undesirable viable or inanimate factors. Contamination damages the cells as well as the results of the study.

4 Contamination Contamination problems can be divided into 3 classes; - Minor problems: Contamination of several plates occurs in the incubator. - Serious problems: The frequency of contamination increases, where a whole experiment or whole plate is contaminated. - Large-scale problems: These are situations in which the source of contamination detected risks all of the previous and planned experiments.

5 Contamination Loss of time, money and labor, irreparable damages on cells, effect of experimental results, stress on researcher, loss of valuable products (such as special cell lines ...)

6 Contamination Sources

7 Contamination Sources Processes in the Laboratory Welded; Movement of particles - Sneezing, coughing, or rapid movement of the air in the laboratory - Careless pipetting, vortexing and centrifugation Solution or mixing of materials used Sloppy autoclaving Working with multiple cells at the same time 7

8 Sources of Contamination Welded Equipment in the Laboratory; Incubators, refrigerators, water baths, etc. that are not regularly cleaned and maintained. Non-sterile media and used plastic materials Dirty clothing or lab coat Use of feeder cells 8

9 Sources of Contamination Sources of contamination can be examined under two headings; Chemical Contaminants - Chemical agents that will adversely affect the life of the cells and the results of the experiments in the cell culture environment Biological Contaminants - Biological agents that will adversely affect the life of the cells and the results of the experiments in the cell culture environment 9

10 Sources of Chemical Contamination Media; content or water-derived Serum; differences in serum content and growth factors and hormone content as they are obtained from living organisms.

11 Sources of Biological Contamination Bacteria Fungus and yeast - Bacteria, fungi and yeast contamination are the most common contaminants, as they are present in large quantities in the air and can easily multiply in the appropriate environment. Mycoplasma Virus Intercellular cross contamination 11

12 Sources of Biological Contamination Contact of materials used with non-sterile surfaces The drop of air particles into the media during culture, transport and incubation of the cells.

13 Sources of Biological Contamination Bacteria, Mushrooms and Yeasts are found almost everywhere and are very suitable for growing and growing medium. They may occur in a 2-3 day period, especially in the absence of anbio_ks (as can be seen under the microscope, as well as changes in the color, pH and clarity of the nutrient medium). An_bio_ks that are used in very high amounts can lead to the formation of an_bio-resistant organisms. 13

14 Sources of Biological Contamination 14

15 Sources of Biological Contamination Fungus 15

16 Sources of Biological Contamination 16

17 Sources of Biological Contamination Virus Due to their small size, the most difficult to detect in a cell culture environment is contamination. Being small also makes it difficult for them to move away from the environment they are in. Virus contamination is primarily a threat to the researcher. Extra care should be taken when working with cells at risk of virus contamination (primary culture, cells from other species). 17

18 Sources of Biological Contamination Mycoplasma Mycoplasmas are the smallest organisms that can spontaneously divide and multiply. It is estimated that 10-15% of currently existing cells are contaminated with mycoplasma. While the presence of mycoplasma prevents the healthy growth of the cells, there are many problems including chromosomal abnormalities in the cells. It is an important threat for cell culture studies as they are usually not detected visually and are very common. 18

19 Sources of Biological Contamination 19

20 Sources of Biological Contamination Cross-contamination Cells that are aggressive (shorter than half-life) are potential sources of cross-contamination. Cross-contamination is particularly caused by worker error. Since it directly affects the results of the experiments, the cells should be regularly monitored for characterization. 20

21 Sources of Biological Contamination 21

22 How to Avoid Contamination? Use of asep_k technique while working Regular use of an_biyo_k in the feeding places, Good training of the laboratory personnel, Aliquoting the materials used (divided into small amounts), 22

23 How to avoid contamination? Take care to work in laminar cabinets at every stage of the work, expose the laminar cabinet to UV for 30 minutes before use and start to use at least 5 minutes after opening the laminar cabinet. Regular cleaning of the laboratory 23

24 How can it be protected from contamination? Careful monitoring of cell morphology to prevent cross-contamination, Working with only one cell hau at the same time, Carefully marking used petri and flask 24


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Celiac Cross Contamination


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CROSS CONTAMINATION (CROSS TRANSMISSION)

What is gluten?
It is a substance found in cereal products such as wheat, barley, rye and oats formed by mixing water and glutenin and gliadin proteins. Gluten is used in the food industry as a water trap and flexibility. Due to these properties, the field of use is quite wide.

What is gluten-free, who is gluten-free?
The celiacs, those with wheat allergy, those with celiac but not gluten sensitivity must eat gluten-free. In addition to health concerns, there are also those who prefer gluten-free nutrition as a lifestyle.

What is celiac?
It is a type of small bowel disease which causes damage to the small intestine which causes the deterioration of the protrusions resembling the towel surface called villus which provides the absorption of nutrients in the intestines and hence prevents the absorption of nutrients in the food. Gluten taken in the celiac creates a poison effect on the body and causes destruction on the surface of the intestine. Celiac's only form of treatment is lifelong gluten-free nutrition.

What is cross-contamination?
Cross-contamination is a bacterial contamination of non-nutrient-containing bacteria into a clean food. However, this term also applies to the transmission of allergens that should not be taken in food allergies to foods that do not contain these allergens. If a person develops sensitivity to any foodstuff, this substance, when taken into the body by any means, has harmful effects in the short, medium and long term. Celiac, also known as gluten enteropathy, a type of small bowel problem, should not be taken into the body strictly. Therefore, care must be taken about cross-contamination.

Why should celiac cross-leaks pay attention to contamination?
Even 1/8 of a teaspoon of flour is risky in celiac problem. Celiacs should know all the processes from food production, cultivation, processing, storage to cooking, storage and consumption. Cross-breed should be aware of the causative agents. Gluten should be avoided in order to maintain the health of the intestinal structure in celiac and to maintain general health.

I pay attention to my diet, but why do my antibodies not improve?
It prevents the normalization of gluten antibodies taken into the body by cross-contamination, often for unknown reasons. In celiac life, these reasons should be examined well. Celiacs and their relatives should receive regular training on gluten-free life and cross-contamination. As technology advances, the food industry is advancing and gluten traps are increasing day by day. You have to be alert to these traps all the time.

What are the causes of cross-contamination?
Gluten-added foods or non-nutrients such as cosmetics, toothpastes may be threatened with gluten. Let's talk about these in subtitles:

Is wheat flour volatile?
Yes, wheat is volatile. Gluten-free flour and gluten-free flour on the same cooking table are the cause of cross-contamination. If gluten-free and gluten-free foods are to be prepared on the same kitchen counter, gluten-free ones must be prepared first. Moreover, gluten-free and gluten-free flour should not be stored in the same drawer.

How to apply kitchen rules against cross-contamination?
First of all, there is a general rule that everyone must obey: Hand hygiene must be observed. However, some issues need to be paid more attention in gluten-free diet. Chopping boards, kitchen worktops, cloths and sponges in the kitchen, dust cloths, toasters, strainers, flour sieves carry the risk of cross-contamination of any surface gluten contaminated with gluten-contaminated or potentially contaminated liquids.

Is there a risk of cross-contamination in gluten and gluten-free products produced in the same plants?
The risk of contamination increases in gluten and gluten free foods produced in the same factories. At this point, only the brands that produce gluten-free products in their factories, have passed the necessary official approvals and comply with the production rules should be preferred. On the other hand, factories that produce gluten-free products only at certain times should be well inspected. Because the risk of contamination of gluten from some production equipment is inevitable. In addition, gluten is volatile and the risk increases.

What should newly diagnosed celiacs do to prevent cross-contamination?
Knives, knives, spoons, grills, ovens, teflon pans, wooden spoons, deep fryers that are used for gluten-free foods cause gluten to be transported, even if washed thoroughly; discarding these utensils, if used at home, the celiac should obtain new ones, and no food other than gluten-free food should be cooked or chopped. When making meatballs with gluten-free flour at home, care must be taken to avoid cross-contamination when buying meat from the butcher. Butchers, grocery stores for meatballs.


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