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DISINFECTANTS. REVIEW, RECOMMENDATIONS.

In the seasons of influenza and other viral diseases, it is more than important to take care of the cleanliness around you. This applies not only to the premises, but also to air, clothing, and body. After all, carriers of bacilli, first of all, are ourselves. The accumulation of people on the streets, in transport, in the office, even a banal trip with a neighbor in the elevator, can be the result of at least a week sick leave. And what to do if the focus of infection is already in your apartment? How to protect other family members from infection and epidemics?

In this article, we propose to understand how to effectively protect your health, adhering to the usual measures of sanitary hygiene in the house, apartment, residential or work space.

Since childhood, we know: “in order to maintain our immunity in the norm, first of all, it is necessary to monitor the cleanliness of our hands, as well as the healthy background of our house”. Let's try to understand this seemingly simple question.

So, since we started talking about infection, then antiseptics and disinfectants should come to our aid.


DISINFECTANTS

Disinfectants (you can also hear other names: disinfectants, disinfectants, or disinfectants, and even disinfectants) are special drugs that are used to kill viruses, bacteria, fungi, and other infectious diseases.

They are not too different from antiseptics, the main difference is that disinfectants are used for the outside world (anti-bacterial treatment of premises, surfaces, equipment, etc.), and the latter - directly to normalize the bacterial background on the skin and body.

Most often, disinfectants are used:

in medicine (hospitals, clinics, hospitals, pharmacies, emergency centers, etc.),
in public places with large concentrations of people (public transport, schools, kindergartens, universities, offices, etc.),
in veterinary medicine (at enterprises and plants associated with animal husbandry - veterinary disinfection),
catering (cafes, restaurants, bars, supermarkets, food production); etc.
in a house, apartment, residential or office space
It is important to understand that in each of these industries use different disinfectants that are designed for specific needs and pursue specific goals. Means for home disinfection (residential premises, apartments, offices) are significantly different from the above and have special increased security requirements.


DES MEANS. TYPES OF DISINFECTION
Especially in the autumn and spring, we are constantly found advertising various antibacterial and antiviral drugs. And this is not strange, because it is in the offseason that there are jumps in temperature and sharp changes in weather conditions, the immune system is under stress, and in springtime you can add seasonal avitaminosis and weaken the protective properties of the body.

In order to understand which disinfectants are better to use and which ones to avoid and are afraid of, we want to give a brief overview and tell you how not to make a mistake and make the right choice.

Generally speaking, there are two types of disinfectants: physical and chemical:

Physical - treatment using boiling, drying, ultraviolet lamps, processing with hot air or steam, as well as, ultrasound and other exotic methods.
Chemicals are usually used in the form of solutions or powders, sometimes they can be in a gaseous state. Moreover, they must meet very stringent requirements, namely: they must be well dissolved in water, quickly destroy microbes, not be toxic to humans and animals, and the absence of a sharp caustic odor is also very important.
Since physical means remained rather part of the “old school” disinfection, and their use requires complex and expensive equipment, we will consider more detailed chemical products that can be bought in online stores, supermarkets or specialized shops of household chemicals.


DISINFECTANTS

Disinfectants - ready-made disinfectants that include one or a combination of several active ingredients. Also in the composition can be added auxiliary components: stabilizers, acidity regulators, detergent ingredients and so on.

For the ability to destroy microorganisms in the composition of disinfectants, it is the “active substance” that is responsible (hereinafter - DV). This is the basis and the most important component of any antibacterial drug. It DV is responsible for efficiency and all quality characteristics.

The most common chemical active ingredients can be divided into the following groups:

halogens (chlorine, bromine, fluorine, iodine)
chlorhexidine based compounds
aldehydes
alcohols
peroxide compounds
phenols, cresols and their derivatives
Surfactant (surface active substances)
acids, peracids and some of their salts
alkalis
organic compounds of biocidal metals, etc.
Each disinfectant has many characteristics that affect the quality and safety of sanitary cleaning:

The effective concentration of the active ingredient (measured in% or mg / l), as well as the spectrum of action. The concentration of DV is calculated for each individual group of bacteria, viruses, spore, coccal, etc. according to the methodological recommendations (humane medicine) or regulations (veterinary).
Mode and procedure of disinfection .
Surface treatment method (aerosol, small-drop irrigation, wiping, dipping, etc.)
Personal protective equipment against toxic fumes.
Hazard class of working solutions of disinfectant according to GOST 12.1.007-76 acting in Ukraine
Grade 1 - extremely dangerous
Grade 2 - highly hazardous
Grade 3 - moderately dangerous
Grade 4 - low hazard (such tools are the most safe and recommended for modern disinfection )
The possibility of using drugs in special industrial installations (generators of cold or hot fog).
Choosing a disinfectant for the house and the room , you should not hurry to buy the most publicized drug. The first thing you need to figure out what is hidden in its composition, what is its purpose and how to use it correctly. It is important to remember - it is your health that is at stake! Therefore, the more scrupulously you approach the question of choosing a means, the more you protect yourself and others from potential negative consequences.

POISONING VAPORS DISINFECTOR

Very often when cleaning the apartment, we use detergents for difficult-to-clean contaminants (scale, sediment, detergent residues): bathroom, tile, tile, carpets, etc. After more than an hour of such cleaning, you may feel dizzy or nauseous. These symptoms do not appear at all because you are just tired of cleaning .. The reason for the corrosive chemical evaporation of the volatile disinfectant solution. It is these vapors that poison your body and cause not the most pleasant symptoms.

Using toxic preparations for disinfection must pay special attention to proper air circulation, so that volatile harmful substances do not accumulate. If this kind of cleaning and disinfection must be carried out in a closed room, which is not possible to ventilate - with the choice of means you need to be very careful!

Next, we offer a brief overview of the most common DV, which can be found in the composition of drugs on the shelves of household chemicals or in the relevant department of the supermarket.


CHLORINE AND ITS COMPOUNDS

The most widely used in disinfection practices are halogenated agents with active chlorine. The cheapest of them is bleach. Drugs that contain up to 95% free chlorine (sodium salt, trichloro, sodium hypochloride) are widely used. Hypochlorites are used to disinfect dishes, bathtubs, sinks, toilets, food debris, wastewater, etc. Chloroamine is a substance used to disinfect premises, dishes and linens. For disinfection of different objects, halohydantoins are used: dichlorohydantoin, monochloro- and dichloro-dimethylhydantoins, etc.

These are the cheapest and at the same time the most dangerous disinfectants . Therefore, before choosing drugs with a chlorine content, it is worth remembering that toxin poisoning can occur already when its concentration in the surrounding air is 0.0001%. This concentration is lower than the human sense of smell. Therefore, if you feel the slightest "smell of chlorine," it means that the concentration of chlorine is already several orders of magnitude more acceptable . Also, do not forget that when boiling chlorinated water may form a known poison, which is not removed from the body - dioxin, with all the ensuing consequences.

In the second place in terms of popularity are all sorts of compounds that contain chlorine in their formula. But very often, manufacturers try to hide such compounds under sophisticated trademarks (TM). Not rarely on packages containing chlorine-containing substances can be seen "does not contain active chlorine." It is true, but only half. Therefore, even when you find such a statement on the package, you should be vigilant and look for any mention of the root “chlorine” (for example: the long-name is chlorine- id).


PHENOLS

It is also one of the first mass disinfectants, but at the present time, phenols are little used because of their very high toxicity and high health risks . Due to their low cost, in the third world countries, derivatives of phenols continue to be used for disinfecting surfaces, as well as in cosmetology and technical fields as a preservative. In Europe, phenol has long been banned for use by preparations that may have contact with the skin and respiratory tract.


HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

These are oxygen-containing drugs, which are strong oxidizing agents. Peroxides form free radicals that damage cell membranes, DNA and other components of the bacterial cell. Hydrogen peroxide is used mostly not only for disinfection behavior, but also for sterilization. A significant disadvantage of peroxide preparations is their high aggressiveness in relation to the treated surfaces . Hydrogen peroxide causes metal corrosion, discoloration of tissue, and can also cause severe irritation, chemical burns of the skin and mucous membranes in humans.


PERACIDS

The group of peracids has high antimicrobial properties and a fairly broad spectrum of action. They are most often used for sterilization of medical products from various materials: stainless steel, glass, rubber. Peracetic acid causes corrosion of copper, brass, bronze, mild steel, as well as electroplating . Because of this, the applicability of drugs of this group is significantly limited both in medicine and in everyday life.


ALDEHYDES

From the group of aldehydes in the practice of disinfection, two substances are used: formaldehyde (methane, formic aldehyde) and glutaraldehyde (pentanedial). Antibacterial activity of formaldehyde is slightly lower than that of glutaraldehyde. Formaldehyde fumes are known to cause a strong carcinogenic effect. In practice, a combination of formaldehyde and 70% ethyl or isopropyl alcohol is used, which has strong antimicrobial properties. An aqueous solution of formaldehyde has significantly less activity. For the effective action of formaldehyde, special conditions are required: the room temperature must be above 22 ° C, and the relative humidity must be at least 65% and persist for several hours. Formaldehyde solutions are very unstable, and during their storage dangerous toxic volatile compounds are formed. In many developed countries, formalin (an aqueous solution of formaldehyde) is included in the group of banned disinfectants, as it has strong carcinogenic properties , irreversibly irritates mucous membranes, skin, causes severe headaches, adversely affects vital organs.


ALCOHOLS

Alcohols are mainly used as local antiseptics , as well as for disinfecting and sterilizing small surfaces. Alcohols have decent bactericidal properties. They can be used independently as well as solvents that enhance the effect of other antibacterial agents and substances. For disinfection purposes, ethyl and isopropyl alcohols are most often used. In practice, the disinfection of surfaces is practically not used because of the high cost, extreme volatility, fire and explosion hazards.


ORGANIC DISINFECTANTS

These are the most advanced and promising products - a new generation of disinfectants with maximum safety parameters. Ukraine has launched production of organic disinfectants based on the antibacterial properties of organic silver.

Silver is a noble metal that does not evaporate and does not evaporate. Working solutions for disinfection have the highest IV class of safety.

Organic silver preparations (silver citrate) have a pronounced effect on all microorganism groups indicative of disinfectology: bactericidal properties with respect to gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria (including mycobacterium tuberculosis), virucidal (including AIDS / HIV pathogens, hepatitis, poliomyelitis, influenza viruses, and so on. p.) and fungicidal (including candidiasis, dermatophytosis, trichophytosis, etc.), sporicidal properties. It is an effective remedy for the neutralization of pathogens of parasitic diseases (eggs and larvae of helminths, geo-worms, intestinal protozoan cyst and oocysts).

Important: when choosing disinfectants with silver, it is important not to confuse organic compounds of noble metal with outdated and ineffective inorganic salts (for example: silver nitrate ).

FINDINGS

As you can see, all the above preparations have a different degree of antimicrobial action, as well as, different toxicity to humans and the degree of impact on the treated surface. There are solutions with a wide or narrow scope. Therefore, for proper selection and effective use without harm to health, a clear understanding of the properties and characteristics of each active ingredient and, accordingly, of each preparation is necessary. Therefore, it is better to consult a specialist!

MODERN DISINFECTANTS

Only modern safe disinfectants that do not have toxic fumes are suitable for disinfection in homes, apartments, offices!

To combat infection at home, toxicologists and disinfectology experts recommend the use of modern preparations based on organic silver , since they consist of effective, but at the same time simple and safe components for humans. Organic silver does not contain toxic volatile substances, and only pure water evaporates from the treated surface. After drying, silver remains on the surface and forms an invisible nanofilm, which continues to protect against bacteria for a long time until its mechanical removal (washing, erasing). This effect is called prolonged action.

Preparations based on organic silver can treat any surface even in enclosed spaces without fear of poisoning or damage to furniture, worktop or any other material.

SUMERSIL - CONCENTRATED ORGANIC HOME DISINFECTANT

The drug effectively neutralizes all types of pathogens (viruses bacteria, fungi, eggs and worms). It has no toxic evaporation (only clean water evaporates from the treated surface). It has a long lasting effect (does not evaporate from the surface). Without smell. Safe for humans, animals, houseplants and the surrounding nature. Certified in Ukraine nanotechnology product. Produced in Ukraine. Production technology patented! Product details at this link: SumerSil Disinfectant Safe Concentrator (Super Concentrate)

SILVESTER - ORGANIC DISINFECTION SPRAY

Silvester safe organic disinfectant spray .

Suitable for all kinds of surfaces. Quickly neutralizes pathogenic viruses, bacteria, fungus, as well as eggs and larvae of worms. It has no toxic evaporation (only clean water evaporates from the treated surface). Prolonged action (silver nanofilm protects the treated surface for a long time). Odorless. Safe for humans, animals, plants. Certified in Ukraine nanotechnology product. Product information: House disinfection - Silvester

Safe organic disinfectants, which are presented on the site NanoSvit.com are produced in Ukraine (Kiev). Delivery is carried out to any city in which a representative office of New Mail or Intime is open: Lviv, Kharkov, Dnepropetrovsk, Odessa, Zaporozhye, Vinnitsa, Khmelnitsky, Ivano-Frankivsk, Lutsk, Chernigov, Sumy, Cherkasy, Poltava, Zhytomyr, Kirovograd, Ternopol, Nikolaev , Exactly, Uzhgorod, Chernivtsi and others.

Also, you can at any time contact our expert in the field of disinfection and get quality recommendations by phone: +38.063.818.56.77


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Disinfection of hands and surfaces in case of infections caused by the Ebola virus

A consequence of the outbreak of the Ebola virus in West Africa in February 2014 was the spread of the virus to Europe and North America, where there are currently several reported infections among humanitarian workers who have returned from West Africa. Further, the victims of the virus were employees of medical institutions, under the care of which were infected workers of humanitarian missions. In cases where people who are infected with the Ebola virus need medical care, medical personnel must follow certain rules for disinfecting hands and surfaces.

Hemorrhagic fever: symptoms, ways of transmission and the course of the disease

In humans, the highly virulent Ebola virus causes hemorrhagic fever with bleeding and damage to internal organs. The death rate from this disease ranges from 50 to 90 percent. The Ebola virus is transmitted through direct contact with the bodily fluids of people infected or dead from the Ebola virus, such as saliva, blood or faeces. The virus can be transmitted to people from infected animals (for example, monkeys, bats).


Recommended hygiene measures

When caring for an infected patient, it is necessary to use appropriate personal protective equipment, especially gloves [1–4]. Wearing two pairs of gloves is recommended, especially if you have to work with large volumes of biological fluids and excrement. This measure helps to reduce the residual risk of infection through microscopic holes in gloves. A recently published CDC recommendation (dated 10.21.2014) states that wearing two pairs of gloves is a standard measure of protection [2].

All medical professionals should disinfect hands after removing gloves or contact with body fluids, excreta, or other secretions of patients infected with Ebola virus. The WHO, CDC and the Robert Koch Institute (RKI) recommend disinfecting the hands by rubbing alcohol-containing antiseptic [2–5]. RKI recommends the use of alcohol-containing antiseptics with proven effectiveness against enveloped viruses [4–5], for example, Sterillium®. Many tools for hand disinfection have a range of effectiveness against enveloped viruses [5]. WHO recommends disinfecting heavily soiled hands with soap and water [3], but we believe that handwashing alone is not enough to disinfect.

Disinfecting Gloved Hands

According to the CDC, when caring for a patient, especially after contact with body fluids, gloved hands must be disinfected. In addition, hands should always be disinfected after putting on and removing personal protective equipment (PPE). For disinfection of hands in gloves, the CDC recommends the use of alcohol-containing antiseptics for the skin of the hands, and in some cases also disinfecting wipes approved by the EPA [2].


Recommendations for the disinfection of surfaces in the wards

It has been proven that surfaces close to a patient infected with the Ebola virus are rarely contaminated by this virus [7]. The Ebola virus belongs to the family of filoviruses (Filoviridae). The duration of infection with this type of virus ranges from five days [8] to three weeks [9]. In the case of the Ebola virus, the following surface disinfection recommendations apply:

CDC and RKI recommend disinfecting surfaces in wards, including surfaces that are free from visible contamination [1, 2, 5].
WHO recommends cleaning and disinfecting surfaces and objects contaminated with biological fluids, excreta or excreta as quickly as possible. Clean the surface before disinfecting. Wash floors and horizontal work surfaces with clean water and detergent at least once a day [3].
RKI recommends removing visible contaminants, such as blood, with disposable wipes soaked in disinfectant. Such zones must be wiped with wipes twice before disinfecting the surface as a whole [5].
RKI recommends the use of pathogen-specific disinfectants (which are active against enveloped viruses) [4, 5]. Bacillol® plus, Kohrsolin® extra Tissues, Mikrobac® Tissues
Ebola virus usually spreads through contact with body fluids. Therefore, in the "dirty conditions" should be used to disinfect surfaces. Treated surfaces and objects can only be used after the exposure time specified by the manufacturer.

Products with activity against enveloped viruses must deactivate the Ebola virus. Click here to view related products.


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Guidelines for the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and indoor surfaces

Guidelines prepared by a team of authors from a number of organizations: Institute of Preventive Toxicology and Disinfection (M.G. Shandala, Academician of RAMS - Head of Development, V.G. Yuzbashev, Candidate of Medical Sciences - Head of Medical Group), Institute of Zenit (A L. Wasserman, Candidate of Technical Sciences - head of the engineering group), Institute of Hygiene. F. Erisman (V.Vlodavets, doctor of medical sciences), Institute of Medical Instrument Engineering (V. Eliseev, engineer), Institute of Lighting Research (V.G. Ignatiev, candidate of technical sciences) , Research Institute of Building Physics (V.M. Karachev, Candidate of Technical Sciences), Research Institute of General and Communal Hygiene. ANSysina (Skobareva, Candidate of Medical Sciences), Information and Analytical Center of the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance of the Russian Federation (MK Nedogibchenko, San. Doctor, NE Strelyaev, epidemiologist).

INTRODUCTION

The fight against infectious diseases has always been considered an urgent task. One of the ways to successfully solve this problem is the widespread use of germicidal lamps. More than 40 years have passed since the first document on the use of germicidal lamps appeared in our country. Over the past period, the range of bactericidal lamps and irradiation devices has been significantly updated, numerous microbiological studies of the values ​​of bactericidal exposures (doses) have been carried out to achieve the required level of bactericidal efficiency with various types of microorganisms when irradiated with radiation with a wavelength of 254 nm, and industrial designs of bactericidal irradiators have been developed.

When deciding on the release of a new version of the guidelines, the team of authors was guided by the goal of using the accumulated experience of using germicidal lamps and creating a document reflecting modern requirements and allowing them to significantly expand their use.

Of the numerous applications of bactericidal lamps, guidelines only cover the disinfection of air and indoor surfaces, as one of the most effective methods of controlling pathogens. It is important to note that the use of bactericidal lamps requires the strict implementation of safety measures that exclude the harmful effects on humans of ultraviolet radiation, ozone and mercury vapor.

Guidelines are designed for employees of medical institutions and sanitary-epidemiological surveillance bodies, as well as persons involved in the design and operation of irradiation facilities.

Guidelines are the basis for the development of job descriptions for the maintenance of germicidal installations by middle and junior medical and technical staff.

They are advisory in nature and will allow at a higher level to fulfill the requirements of existing regulatory documents governing the sanitary rules for the maintenance of various medical, children's, residential and industrial premises equipped with irradiating installations with bactericidal lamps.

Users of bactericidal irradiators should take into account that UV radiation cannot replace sanitary and anti-epidemic measures, but only supplement them as the final link in the treatment of the room.

1. BACTERICIDAL ACTION OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
Ultraviolet radiation is known to have a wide range of effects on microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, spores and fungi. However, due to the established practice, this phenomenon is called a bactericidal effect, associated with irreversible damage to the DNA of microorganisms and leading to the death of all types of microorganisms. The spectral composition of ultraviolet radiation, causing a bactericidal effect, lies in the wavelength range of 205-315 nm. Dependence of bactericidal efficacy in relative units Methodological guidelines on the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and surfaces in rooms on the wavelength of radiation

According to these data, the maximum bactericidal action occurs at a wavelength of 265 nm according to the latest publications (4, 5), and not 254 nm, as previously thought (15). In accordance with this, in the adopted system of effective units estimating the parameters of ultraviolet radiation, the radiation flux with a wavelength of 265 nm and a power of one watt, rather than a wavelength of 254 nm with a capacity of one bact. The transition coefficient between these systems of units for the maxima of the bactericidal action is equal to 0.86, i.e. 1 bact. = 0.86 Watt.

The bactericidal flux of the ultraviolet radiation source is estimated by the ratio:

Guidelines for the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and indoor surfaces, W,

where Methodical instructions on the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and indoor surfaces - spectral bactericidal efficiency in relative units;

Guidelines for the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and indoor surfaces - the spectral density of the radiation flux, W / nm;

Guidelines for the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and indoor surfaces - radiation wavelength, nm.

Then other quantities and units can be defined using the following expressions.

Bactericidal energy:

Guidelines for the use of germicidal lamps for disinfecting air and indoor surfaces, j,

where Methodical instructions on the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and indoor surfaces - the duration of radiation, p.

Bactericidal irradiance:

Guidelines for the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and surfaces in rooms, W / mMethodical instructions for using bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and surfaces in rooms,

where Methodical instructions on the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and surfaces in rooms are the area of ​​the irradiated surface, methodical instructions on the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and surfaces in rooms.

Bactericidal exposure (in photobiology is called the dose):

Guidelines for the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and surfaces in rooms, J / mMethodical instructions for the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and surfaces in rooms.

Bulk density of bactericidal energy:

Guidelines for the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and indoor surfaces, J / mMethodical instructions for using bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and indoor surfaces,

where Methodical instructions on the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and surfaces in rooms are the volume of the irradiated air environment, mMethodical instructions on the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and surfaces in rooms.

Microorganisms are cumulative photobiological receivers, therefore bactericidal efficiency should be proportional to the product of irradiance by time, i.e. determined by the dose. However, the nonlinear characteristic of a photobiological receiver limits the possibility of a wide variation in the values ​​of irradiance and time with the same bactericidal efficiency. Within the permissible error, you can change the ratio of irradiance and time in the range of 5-10-fold variations.

Quantitative assessment of bactericidal action Methodical instructions on the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and surfaces in rooms is characterized by the ratio of the number of dead microorganisms. Methodical instructions on the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and surfaces in rooms to their initial number. on the premises and estimated as a percentage.

Guidelines for the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and indoor surfaces.

Dependence of bactericidal efficacy Guidelines for the use of germicidal lamps for disinfecting air and indoor surfaces from a dose Methodical instructions for using bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and indoor surfaces for microorganisms can be expressed using the equation

Guidelines for the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and indoor surfaces,%,

which reflects the well-known Weber-Fechner law, which establishes a link between the physical impact on a biological object and its response. This equation can be converted to

Guidelines for the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and surfaces in rooms, J / mMethodical instructions for the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and surfaces in rooms.

It allows you to determine the required dose value, if you specify the desired level of bacteri

It allows you to determine the required value of the dose, if you ask the desired level of bactericidal efficacy.

The following table 2 shows the experimental values ​​of doses and bactericidal efficacy for some types of microorganisms when irradiated with radiation with a wavelength of 254 nm and the values ​​of auxiliary coefficients "Guidelines for the use of germicidal lamps for disinfecting air and surfaces in rooms lamps for disinfecting air and indoor surfaces in the above equations.

2. BACTERICIDE LAMPS
Electrical sources of radiation, the spectrum of which contains the radiation of the wavelength range of 205-315 nm, intended for the purposes of disinfection, are called germicidal lamps. Due to the highly efficient conversion of electric energy, low-pressure discharge lamps have received the greatest distribution, in which during the electric discharge in the argonortuct gas-vapor mixture more than 60% is converted to the emission line 253.7 nm. High-pressure mercury lamps are not recommended for widespread use due to low efficiency, because their share of radiation in the specified range is not more than 10%, and the service life is about 10 times less than that of low-pressure mercury lamps.

Along with the line of 253.7 nm, which has a bactericidal effect, the emission spectrum of a low-pressure mercury discharge contains a line of 185 nm, which, as a result of interaction with oxygen molecules, forms ozone in air. In existing bactericidal lamps, the flask is made of UV glass, which reduces, but does not completely exclude, the output of the 185 nm line, which is accompanied by the formation of ozone. The presence of ozone in the air can lead, at high concentrations, to dangerous effects on human health or even fatal poisoning.

Recently developed the so-called bactericidal "bezosonny" lamp. For such lamps, due to the manufacture of a bulb made of a special material (quartz glass with a coating) or its design, the radiation output of the 185 nm line is excluded.

Structurally, bactericidal lamps are an extended cylindrical tube made of quartz or uviol glass. At both ends of the tube, the legs are soldered with electrodes mounted on them, which are pinned on both sides by two-pin bases.

Germicidal lamps are powered from a 220 V electrical network, with an alternating current frequency of 50 Hz. The inclusion of lamps in the network is made through a control gear (PRA), providing the necessary modes of ignition, ignition and normal operation of the lamp and suppressing high-frequency electromagnetic oscillations created by the lamp, which could have adverse effects on sensitive electronic devices.

The control gears are a separate unit mounted inside the illuminator.

The main technical and operational parameters of bactericidal lamps: spectral distribution of the radiation flux in the wavelength range of 205-315 nm; bactericidal flow Methodical instructions on the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and indoor surfaces, W; bactericidal recoil equal to the ratio of bactericidal flow to lamp power.

- lamp power Methodical instructions on the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and indoor surfaces, W;

- lamp current Methodical instructions on the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and indoor surfaces, A;

- voltage on the lamp Methodical instructions on the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and indoor surfaces, V;

- rated voltage of the network. Methodical instructions on the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and surfaces in rooms, V and frequency of alternating current. Methodical instructions on the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and surfaces in rooms, Hz;

- useful service life (total burning time in hours before the main parameters that determine the feasibility of using the lamp, go beyond the established limits, for example, the radiation flux drops to a level below the normalized value (indicated in the DUT).

A feature of germicidal lamps is the substantial dependence of their electrical and radiative parameters on the voltage fluctuations of the network. Figure 2 shows this dependence.


Fig.2. The dependence of lamp power P (l) and radiation flux Φ (l) on the mains voltage U (c)

Fig.2. Lamp power dependence Guidelines for using germicidal lamps for disinfecting air and indoor surfaces and radiation flux Guidelines for using bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and indoor surfaces from mains voltage Guidelines for using bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and indoor surfaces

With increasing voltage network, the service life of germicidal lamps decreases. So, with an increase in voltage of 20%, the service life is reduced to 50%. When the mains voltage drops by more than 20%, the lamps begin to burn unstably and may even go out.

In the process of lamp operation, the radiation flux decreases. A particularly rapid drop in the radiation flux is observed in the first tens of hours of combustion, which can reach 10%. With further combustion, the rate of decay of the radiation flux slows down. This process is illustrated by the graph in Fig.3. The lamp life is affected by the number of inclusions. Each switch reduces the overall lamp life by approximately 2 hours.

The temperature of the ambient air and its movement affect the value of the flux of the lamps. Such dependence is shown in Fig.4. It should be noted that "bezosonny" lamps are practically not sensitive to changes in ambient temperature. As the ambient temperature decreases, the ignition of the lamps becomes difficult, and the sputtering of the electrodes also increases, which leads to a shortened service life. At temperatures below 10 ° C, a significant number of lamps may not light up. This effect is enhanced at lower network voltage.

3 BACTERICIDE TREATMENTS
A bactericidal irradiator (BO) is a device containing a bactericidal lamp as a radiation source and intended to disinfect air or surfaces in a room.

BO consists of a body on which a bactericidal lamp, gear, reflector, fixtures and mounting devices are installed. The design of the BO must ensure compliance with the conditions of electrical, fire and mechanical safety, as well as other requirements that exclude harmful effects on the environment or humans. Under the terms of placement, bactericidal irradiators are divided into irradiators intended for use in stationary premises and installed on vehicles, for example, in ambulance cars. BO at the location are divided into ceiling, suspended, wall and mobile. By design, they can be open type, closed type and combined. Open type BOs are intended for the irradiation of air and surfaces in rooms with direct bactericidal flow in the absence of people by redistributing the lamp radiation inside large solid angles up to 4Methodical instructions on the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and surfaces in rooms. Closed-type bactericidal irradiators are intended for irradiating air and surfaces in rooms by direct and reflected bactericidal flow both in the absence and in the presence of people, the reflector of which must direct the bactericidal lamp flow into the upper hemisphere so that no rays either directly from the lamp or reflected from the parts of the irradiator, not directed at an angle of less than 5 ° upward from the horizontal plane passing through the lamp. Bactericidal irradiators of the combined type combine the functions of BO of the open and closed types. They have different separately switched-on lamps for direct and reflected radiation, or a movable reflector that allows the use of a bactericidal stream for direct (in the absence of people) or for reflected (in the presence of people) irradiation of a room.

One of the types of closed BO are recirculators designed to disinfect air by passing it through a closed chamber, the internal volume of which is irradiated by the radiation of germicidal lamps.

The speed of the air flow is provided either by natural convection, or by force using a fan.

Mobile BO, as a rule, are open-type irradiators.

Bactericidal irradiators have a number of parameters and characteristics that allow to evaluate their consumer properties and determine the most effective field of application. These include:

- type of feed, purpose and design;

- type of germicidal lamp and the number of lamps;

- network voltage Methodological guidelines on the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and surfaces in rooms (V) and frequency of alternating current Methodical instructions on the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and surfaces in rooms, (Hz);

- consumed volt-ampere power Methodical instructions on the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and surfaces in rooms (V · A), equal to the product of the network current Methodical instructions on the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and surfaces in rooms (A) on the network voltage Methodological guidelines for use bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and indoor surfaces (B);

- consumed active power Methodical instructions on the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and indoor surfaces (W), equal to the total lamp power and losses in the control gear;

- bactericidal flux Methodical instructions on the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and indoor surfaces (W) emitted by an irradiator in space;

- coefficient of performance (EFFICIENCY) Methodical instructions on the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and surfaces in rooms, equal to the ratio of the bactericidal flow, irradiator to the total bactericidal flux of lamps.

Guidelines for the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and indoor surfaces

- bactericidal irradiation Methodical instructions on the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and surfaces in rooms (W / mMethodical instructions on the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and surfaces in rooms) at a distance of 1 m from the irradiator;

- productivity Methodical instructions on the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and surfaces in rooms (methodical instructions on the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and surfaces in rooms / h), equal to the ratio of the volume of air environment Guidelines for the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and surfaces premises (mMethodical instructions on the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and indoor surfaces) to the time of exposure etodicheskie instructions for use germicidal lamps for disinfecting air and surfaces in the area (h) required to achieve a given level of efficiency of bactericidal Guidelines for the use of germicidal lamps for disinfecting air and surfaces smokers (%) for a certain kind of microorganisms;

Guidelines for the use of bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and indoor surfaces, mMethodical instructions for using bactericidal lamps for disinfecting air and indoor surfaces / hour.

Table 4 shows the main technical parameters and characteristics of industrial bactericidal irradiators, and table 5 shows the radiative and economic parameters.




22A---------------------------------xx

SONO Travel Safe Medical Grade Disinfecting Wipes (3 Pack)

How and what to disinfect after a flood?

After the water receded, local residents will have to disinfect housing and all household utensils. How to do it right and how to handle housing?

The Office of Rospotrebnadzor prepared a memo for the population of the flooded territories After the retreat of water, local residents will need to process not only housing, but also household plots.

TREATMENT OF PREMISES

What should be disinfected in the room?
surfaces of premises (floor, walls, doors);
dishes;
underwear;
toys
Methods of disinfection:

surfaces of premises (floor, walls, furniture) are wiped or irrigated;
dishes, linens, toys soaked in a disinfectant solution.
What drugs can be used for disinfection?

For the treatment of premises often use drugs containing chlorine, as they affect the majority of infectious agents. These are such drugs as chloramine, DP Altai, DP-2T, Dekhlor, Deochlor, etc.

These funds can be either in powders or tablets. The required amount of disinfectant is diluted in water, preferably warm. Act according to the instructions for use of the drug on the regime of viral infections!

In Altai, residents of flooded villages are vaccinated against hepatitis and dysentery. In which container can you dilute the solution?
Solutions are prepared in plastic (enameled) or glass containers.

Example 1. When using a solution of chloramine in the room.

To prepare a solution at home for processing, you need to take 300 grams. chloramine (packaging) 10 l. water. Consumption of the resulting solution is different. When wiping, less solution is consumed, therefore, a larger area can be processed if irrigated from the hydraulic console, in this case the solution flow rate is greater.

Exposure time 30-60 min.

After the specified time (30-60 minutes) the surface must be washed with clean water. Rinse the toys thoroughly. Air out the apartment!

As an example, the total processing of a single house of 200 square meters. m (including floor, walls, solid furniture, toys, dishes) will need 60 liters. prepared solution, that is, 60 liters. water and 1.8 kg of chloramine or 6 packs of 300 gr.

PROCESSING OF THE CREDIT TERRITORY

What needs to be processed in the territory of the yard?
restroom;
cesspool;
garden (when flooded).
It is imperative to process the places of vygretov. Since the soil and sewage absorb more of the solution, its consumption increases from 500 ml. up to 2 l. on 1 square. m. For disinfection of sewage it is necessary to take the weight of the drug more than for the treatment of the apartment. Preparation of the disinfection solution is carried out in accordance with the methodological recommendations on the use of the disinfection preparation.

Example 2. When using a solution of chloramine for disinfection of cesspools, yard toilets.

For the treatment of sewage, cesspools prepare the solution - you must take 500 g of chloramine (in the original package more often 300 g) and dilute in 10 l. water. Pour the contents of the cesspool (toilet) at the rate of 2 liters. on 1 square. m. sewage

Example 3. When using dry chlorine-containing preparations. For example, when using chlorine, to impurity sewage at the rate of 200 g of disinfectant per 1 kg. sewage (about 1-2 kg. per outdoor installation)

Precautionary measures.

It is necessary to carry out disinfection:

in the absence of children;
in rubber gloves;
if possible use glasses and a respirator.

21A---------------------------------xx

Lysol Handi-Pack Disinfecting Wipes, 320ct (4X80ct), Tropical Scent

Surface disinfection

Means "Bacillol Plus" is a ready-to-use agent in the form of a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic alcoholic odor. As active ingredients contains propanol-1 40%. propanol-2 20%, glutaraldehyde 0.1%.
Means "Bacillol Plus" has antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, viruses (acute respiratory viral infections, herpes, polio, hepatitis of all kinds, including hepatitis A. B and C, HIV infection, adenovirus), Candida fungi, Trichophyton .

Means "Bacillol Plus" is used to disinfect surfaces from any materials, with the exception of spoiling from the effects of alcohols, and various objects by means of irrigation.
The surfaces are irrigated with a means until they are completely wetted from a distance of 30 cm. The consumption of the product is no more than 50 ml (30-40 ml on average) per 1 m2 of surface. Means quickly dries (on average in 10 minutes), without leaving marks on surfaces. Surfaces are ready for use immediately after drying.

If necessary, the surface can be wiped with sterile gauze wipes after disinfection exposure, without waiting for them to dry. Means "Bacillol plus" is intended for use: in public catering and trade, in public facilities (hairdressing salons, hotels, dormitories, social welfare institutions, baths, swimming pools, etc.) in enterprises of the chemical, pharmaceutical and biotechnological industries, in veterinary institutions with cleaning and disinfection of various solid non-porous surfaces or objects, incl. contaminated with blood:

small in size premises such as an operating room, reception room, an insulator, boxes, etc .;
hard-to-reach surfaces in rooms;
optical instruments and equipment permitted by the manufacturer to be treated with alcohol:
lighting equipment, blinds, etc .:
tables (including operating, handling, changing, delivery rooms), gynecological and dental chairs, beds, reanimation mattresses, etc. hard furniture.
telephone sets, monitors, computer keyboard and other office equipment.

Concentrate for the preparation of solutions "Mikrobak forte"
Micro Tank Plus “Micro Tack Forte” is a clear, light yellow liquid that mixes well with water.
As active ingredients contains: benzalkonium chloride (QAS, alkyldyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride) - 20.0%, dodecylbispropylenetriamine - 5.0%. Expiration date means 2.5 years in unopened packaging of the manufacturer. The shelf life of the working solutions of the tool is 14 days.

Solutions of the product have bactericidal activity (including against pathogens of nosocomial infections, tuberculosis), virucidal activity (against hepatitis B, HIV infection, polio, respiratory and enterovirus infections); fungicidal activity (including against yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida and dermatophytes, mold fungi).

Solutions of the products have detergent, deodorizing, anti-corrosion properties, do not spoil and discolor the processed objects, do not have a fixing effect on blood and other biological contaminants.

You can process products from the following materials: stainless steel, aluminum, copper, bronze, polyamide, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyurethane, PVC, acryl-butadiene-styrene, silicone, rubber, latex, acrylic glass, teflon, etc., surfaces, painted with oil paints.

The tool has a residual antimicrobial effect and prevents the formation of secondary aerosols. The product must not be mixed with soaps and anionic surfactants.

Preparation of working solution:

Place the tissues by pulling the tip into the dispenser slot
1 sachet Mikrobak forte dilute in 2 lvoda and pour into container
Sticker


20A---------------------------------xx

Saalfeld 30824 Clorox Healthcare Hydrogen Peroxide Cleaner Disinfectant Wipes, Kills Norovirus, Rotavirus, HIV, Poly-Bag Protected, 6.75" x 9", X-Large Wipe (Pack of 95)

Means and methods of disinfection of premises from viruses

With the onset of cold weather begins an epidemic of viral and infectious diseases . Anyone can catch the virus and get sick. But if, nevertheless, someone from the household became ill, then, so that the others would not get infected, it is necessary to carry out disinfection in the apartment. To get rid of viruses and bacteria in various ways and methods.

The need for housing processing

There are many reasons for disinfection . The main ones include:

The outbreak in the region of epidemics of viral and infectious diseases and at the same time weakened immunity in family members.
Contact of adults and children with patients with scabies, tuberculosis, pediculosis and other diseases.
Allergic diseases of unknown origin.
The appearance of fungus in the room.
The presence in the family of a person with a serious illness.
Infestation of an apartment with cockroaches, bedbugs, fleas and other pests.
Animals living in the house and constantly walking on the street.

The treatment of the premises in these cases can be carried out with the help of professionals or do the disinfection of the rooms with your own hands.

Professionally SES disinfect the apartment. They have special equipment and professional special chemicals. Used mainly chemicals with low levels of toxicity.

But experts can not attract, and do disinfection yourself.
Disinfection of the apartment

Regardless of the chosen method and means of cleaning should be carried out sequentially. To make it easier to carry out the procedure, you need to decide where to start, and carefully prepare .

When applying chemicals, it is recommended to use personal protective equipment and wear a respirator, rubber gloves, a protective robe and goggles. If it is stipulated in the instructions of the preparation, then households and animals should be taken out of the room. After that you can start disinfection:

Wipe the floor, other horizontal surfaces and corners in the living room with special means.
Make a thorough cleaning in the kitchen, bathroom and toilet.
The solution that disinfected the room, you need to regularly change.
With the help of special aerosols to handle upholstered furniture.
To wash children's soft toys, and to plastic and various souvenirs to process an aerosol.
Clean the carpet and various coatings .
Wash curtains, curtains and curtains, adding a disinfectant to the water.
Be sure to move the furniture and wash the floor and walls under it.
Treat fungus-damaged floors, walls, or other surfaces with a special agent.
Do not forget to process everything the patient touched - the TV remote control, the keyboard from the computer, the computer mouse.

How to clean the pan from the scale at home

After disinfection, thoroughly ventilate the area . The following procedure can be carried out in three months.
Folk methods

There are popular recipes for disinfection , which can be prepared with your own hands:

Ammonia will help get rid of germs. By adding a few drops of sal ammoniac to a glass of water, you will get a solution with which you can get rid of the spores of the fungus and sterilize the house.
Ideal cleaning can be done with a solution of hydrogen peroxide and water (1 cup per 10 liters).
Vinegar is considered the most effective disinfectant. He is able to defeat viruses and various microbes. To do this, a solution of vinegar and water is poured into a bottle with a spray bottle and sprayed surfaces in the rooms. Instead of vinegar, you can use lemon juice.
Destroy the infection and germs solution of salt. In addition, it does not have an unpleasant smell and will not cause allergic reactions. Preparing a solution of a pack of salt and 3 liters of water. They are treated with a variety of surfaces, including sinks and tables in the kitchen.
The toilet and the bathroom are recommended to be sanitized by means that contain bleach.

Fumigation room

Even in ancient times, they knew that bacteria and viruses could be frightened away by fumigation. For this, dry leaves of juniper, lavender, rosemary, sage, eucalyptus are set on fire. To make it more convenient, you can use incense or use incense sticks. Essential oils of lavender, juniper, fir, cedar, eucalyptus, ginger, myrrh, sandalwood, lemon, cloves, tangerine, rose, orange, jasmine will help to get rid of viruses. But they can be used only in a house where people who are prone to allergic reactions do not live.
Cleaning and washing down jacket at home
Disinfection Instruments

It is convenient to disinfect the apartment with the help of technical devices. They are compact, do not dissolve dirt and do not emit odors.
Humidifier

The humidifier is especially popular in homes where small children live. The device increases the humidity in the rooms and cleans the air from pathogenic microbes. It just needs to be regularly filled with fresh water.
Air recirculator

The device can be of different power. It can be used to disinfect both the room and the entire apartment at once. With ultraviolet rays, it cleans the contaminated air trapped in it and discharges it back clean. The recirculator is hidden inside the device, so during its operation, people can safely be in the room.
Salt lamp

The principle of operation of this device is as follows:

from salt crystals form ions that enter the air and destroy all viruses and microbes;
rooms are saturated with elements of sea salt.

As a result of the work of the salt lamp, the air becomes beneficial to the body. However, it can only be used indoors up to 10 square meters.
UV lamp

The device is used for disinfection of treatment rooms, wards and other rooms in hospitals. Effective ultraviolet rays clean the air from germs.

And if stationary devices are used in hospitals, then an inexpensive portable ultraviolet lamp can be purchased to disinfect the apartment. It should work only in rooms where there are no people, animals and plants. The duration of the procedure is from 15 to 20 minutes. After this, the room is ventilated.
How and what to remove paint stains from clothes
Chemicals

Household chemicals stores, pharmacies and hardware stores sell various disinfectants of domestic production. With their help you can disinfect not only surfaces, toilets and sinks, but also laundry.

The most effective are:

"Monochloromein". Means for processing premises, children's toys, dishes, sinks, white linen. Children's toys are soaked for 30 minutes, and dishes and linens - for 60 minutes. After that, all you need to rinse well and dry. In case of tuberculosis and fungal diseases, plumbing fixtures and premises are disinfected with a solution of 100 grams of the preparation and 2 liters of water.
Sanita is a paste-like product that is applied to dishes, sinks, and baths. Processing by this means should be made twice.
“Svetly” is a powder for disinfecting enameled products, refrigerators, gas stoves, and dishes.
"Dezinolis" - the drug in the form of a solution is used for the treatment of toilet bowls, sinks, baths. It is necessary to wipe surfaces twice, using for this purpose cloths or sponges.
"Sanitary" and "Sanitary-2" - powder and liquid preparations, respectively. Used for disinfection and cleaning of toilet bowls. For one toilet bowl enough two tablespoons of powder or solution. Contaminated plumbing is wiped twice.
"Surzha" - disinfecting paste for cleaning toilet bowls, sinks, bathtubs. On one sink or bath enough 1-2 tablespoons of pasta.
"Gloss" - a preparation in the form of a powder for disinfection and cleaning of sanitary equipment. 1-2 tablespoons of "Glitter" are enough for one treatment.
“Whiteness” is a well-known tool that perfectly disinfects toilet bowls, sinks, baths, as well as linen and cotton underwear. Plumbing is treated with a solution of "Whiteness" and water, which is prepared in a ratio of 1:10. The linen is soaked for half an hour in a solution prepared from one liter of water and 1-2 tablespoons of the product.
"Belka" - powder for disinfection and bleaching of linen. Use a solution of 2 tablespoons of the drug and 10 liters of hot water. Soaking time is 15 minutes.
"Ural" - the drug in the form of a powder is dissolved in water (1 tbsp of product per 3 liters of water) and is used for disinfection and bleaching of linen. For cleaning sanitary products powder is used in its pure form.
“Chloric lime” - white powder is recommended for disinfecting procedures in toilets and for bleaching fabrics. Not used for the processing of synthetics, wool and colored fabrics. Apply only the clarified part of the solution, which is obtained after sludge, diluted in 40 liters of water and 1 kg of bleach. Infuse the solution for at least two hours.

How to clean the microwave inside of fat

During the epidemic of influenza and various viral infections, you and all households can be saved from disease by careful and timely disinfection of your house or apartment. Use for processing can be suitable and convenient for you methods and means. And do not forget that preventive measures are always easier, cheaper and more efficient than eliminating the consequences.


19A---------------------------------xx

Seventh Generation Disinfecting Multi-Surface Wipes, 70-count Tubs (Pack of 3)

Disinfection methods ᐉ What methods are used for disinfection

Earlier we considered the types of disinfection . Recall that disinfection is prophylactic and focal. The latter, in turn, is divided into current and final.

Preventive disinfection is carried out in order to prevent the occurrence and spread of the pathogen in the environment. Focal disinfection is carried out in the environment of the infected patient (current) and after its isolation, discharge or transfer to another department (final).

What methods are used for disinfection?

There are five main methods of disinfection: chemical, physical, mechanical, biological and combined . Each of these methods is used in practice, both separately and in combination with others.
Chemical disinfection method

Chemical - the main method of disinfection, which is the use of various chemicals and their compounds for the destruction of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms on surfaces, inside objects and environmental objects, as well as in air and various substrates.

The main methods of disinfection with the use of chemical disinfectants:

irrigation of treatment facilities using special disinfection technology;
applying an aerosol disinfectant to the treatment objects with a spray;
immersion in the working solution of the disinfectant of dishes, medical devices, manicure tools, patient care products, equipment, etc .;
wiping various surfaces with a cloth moistened with a disinfectant working solution.

Preparations that are used for disinfection must meet a number of requirements, including: a wide range of antimicrobial activity, safety for humans and the environment, good water solubility, effectiveness when interacting with organic pollutants, neutral odor and others
Physical method

Disinfection by the physical method is carried out with the help of the impact on the object of disinfection of various physical factors: boiling, piercing, burning, using the action of ultraviolet radiation, etc.

The basis of the physical method is heat treatment. Most pathogens die at 60-70 ° C, but their spores are able to withstand higher temperatures.

Selection of a specific method, be it boiling or exposure to ultraviolet, depends on many factors, including the purpose of disinfection, the type of object being treated, the type of pathogen, the conditions in which disinfection and others take place.
Mechanical disinfection method

Mechanical disinfection is carried out in order to reduce the concentration of microorganisms in environmental objects. Mechanical methods include wet cleaning, washing hands, removing the contaminated soil layer, filtering the water, cleaning the rooms with a vacuum cleaner, etc.

It should be noted that mechanical disinfection does not destroy microbes, but only partially removes them from the objects of disinfection, performing auxiliary function. This method is also used for sanitizing people, filtering air, water and other liquids, etc.

All mechanical techniques are aimed at:

cleansing the treated objects from dirt, grease and protein particles;
removal of a certain number of microorganisms on the surface of human hands, objects, in the air and in water.

The quality of mechanical disinfection directly depends on the device used for this purpose. For example, wet cleaning with rags and brushes gives significantly better results than dry.
Biological and combined methods

The biological method of disinfection consists in the destruction of pathogens of infectious diseases by antagonist microbes.

Antagonism of microorganisms - the type of relationship of microorganisms, in which one strain completely destroys or slows the growth of another.

In modern disinfection, this method is no longer used because of its complexity.

The combined method is based on a combination of several of the above disinfection methods.

18A---------------------------------xx

Lysol Disinfecting Wipes Value Pack, Lemon and Lime Blossom, 35 Count Canister, Pack of 3,Packaging May Vary

Modern methods of disinfecting indoor air

Description:
The incidence rate due to microbiological pollution of the indoor air environment remains high today. Most pathogens are transmitted by air and airborne droplets. This problem is especially acute in places with large concentrations of people and poorly ventilated indoor areas, as well as in rooms with air recirculation. Preventing the spread of disease - the main task of the process of air disinfection. The article discusses modern methods of combating pathogenic microflora in the premises.

Modern methods of disinfecting indoor air
The incidence rate due to microbiological pollution of the indoor air environment remains high today. Most pathogens are transmitted by air and airborne droplets. This problem is especially acute in places with large concentrations of people and poorly ventilated indoor areas, as well as in rooms with air recirculation. Preventing the spread of disease - the main task of the process of air disinfection. The article discusses modern methods of combating pathogenic microflora in the premises.

Ultraviolet radiation (ultraviolet, UV, UV) is electromagnetic radiation covering the wavelength range from 100 to 400 nm of the optical spectrum of electromagnetic waves, that is, between visible and X-ray radiation. Types of ultraviolet radiation are presented in table. one.

The use of ultraviolet energy at the present time is becoming increasingly relevant, since it is one of the main methods for inactivating viruses, bacteria and fungi. Under the inactivation of microorganisms understand the loss of their ability to reproduce after sterilization or disinfection [2].

Ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength range of 205–315 nm has a bactericidal effect; it causes destructive-modifying photochemical damage to the DNA of the microorganism cell nucleus. Changes in the DNA of microorganisms accumulate and lead to a slowdown in their reproduction rates and further extinction in the first and subsequent generations. As a result of a number of observations, it was noted that the impact of energy in the range of the UVC spectrum is most effective from a bactericidal point of view at a wavelength of 254 nm.

Live microbial cells respond differently to ultraviolet radiation, depending on wavelengths (Table 2).

Ultraviolet radiation equipment
Ultraviolet bactericidal exposure to air is effected using ultraviolet radiation equipment, the principle of which is based on passing an electrical discharge through a rarefied gas (including mercury vapor) inside the sealed enclosure, resulting in radiation.

Radiating equipment is bactericidal lamps, irradiators and installations. A bactericidal lamp is an artificial source of radiation, in the spectrum of which there is predominantly bactericidal radiation in the wavelength range of 205–315 nm. The most widespread, due to the highly efficient conversion of electrical energy into radiation, were low-pressure discharge mercury lamps, in which the process of electrical discharge in an argon-mercury mixture turns into radiation with a wavelength of 253.7 nm. These lamps have a long service life - 5 000– 8 000 hours. Known high-pressure mercury lamps, which, with small overall dimensions, have a large unit capacity - from 100 to 1,000 W, which allows in some cases to reduce the number of irradiators in a bactericidal installation. On the other hand, they are not very economical, have low bactericidal efficacy with a service life of 10 times less than low-pressure lamps, and therefore have not found wide application.

A number of the largest electric-bulb companies (Philips, Osram, Radium, Sylvania, etc.) are currently engaged in the development and production of UV lamps for photobiological installations.

In Russia, manufacturers are known: OJSC Lisma-VNIIIS (Saransk), NPO LIT (Moscow), OJSC SKB Xenon (Zelenograd), OOO VNISI (Moscow). The nomenclature of lamps is quite wide and varied. UV lamps are used to sterilize water, air and surfaces.

For a more rational use in practice of bactericidal lamps, it is advisable to embed them in bactericidal irradiators. A bactericidal irradiator is an electrical device consisting of a bactericidal lamp (s), a control gear, a reflective armature and a number of other auxiliary elements. By design, irradiators are divided into three groups: open, combined and closed. Open feeds are usually attached to the ceiling or wall, combined - to the wall and can be with or without reflectors. In open feeds, a direct bactericidal stream covers a wide zone in space up to the solid angle. They are intended for the process of disinfection of premises only in the absence of people or during their short-term stay. In closed irradiators, they are sometimes called recirculators, the lamps are located in a small closed enclosure of the irradiator and the bactericidal stream has no outlet outside the enclosure, therefore irradiators can be used when people are in the room. Bactericidal energy deactivates the majority of viruses and bacteria entering the indoor unit along with the air flow. Diffusers are provided in the irradiator housing, through which the air enters the device with the help of the built-in fan, where it falls under the source of UV radiation in the closed space of the indoor unit, and then returns to the room. Closed irradiators are placed, as a rule, on the walls of rooms, evenly around the perimeter, in the direction of the main air flow (often near heating devices) at a height of 1.5–2.0 m from the floor level.

Combined feeds are usually supplied with two bactericidal lamps, separated by a screen so that the flow from one lamp is directed only to the lower zone of the room, from the other - into the upper zone. Lamps can be switched on together and separately.

Bactericidal installation includes a group of bactericidal irradiators. It can also be a system of forced-air ventilation, the elements of which include germicidal lamps for supplying decontaminated air to the room. The level of bactericidal efficiency of the installation is set in accordance with the medical and technical tasks for its design.

The duration of the bactericidal installation, at which the required level of bactericidal efficiency is achieved, varies depending on the type of feed: for closed feeds, 1–2 hours; for open and combined 0.25–0.5 hours; for supply and exhaust ventilation systems for 1 hour or more.

A separate class of devices is bactericidal equipment as part of the installation of forced ventilation (air conditioning), which allows not to install devices in separate rooms, but to serve entire floors. These are the so-called air disinfection units. They are issued as a part of conditioners of common industrial, medical and hygienic execution. An air disinfection module consisting of a specific number of germicidal lamps and an air filter are usually included in the package of the disinfection unit.

For certain rooms there are requirements for the need for air disinfection. In tab. 3 lists the types of premises to be equipped with bactericidal installations for air disinfection, with an indication of bactericidal efficacy [3]. The most important objects from this position are hospitals, in which the need for air disinfection is strictly regulated [4]. Also issues of air disinfection in the premises of medical institutions are consecrated in [10].

The premises in which they place bactericidal plants are divided into two groups:

- in which the disinfection of air is carried out in the presence of people during the working day by ultraviolet installations with closed irradiators, excluding the possibility of exposure to people in the room;

- in which air disinfection is carried out in the absence of people with bactericidal installations with open or combined irradiators, and the limiting time of people in the room is determined by calculation.

The work of germicidal lamps may be accompanied by the release of ozone. The presence of ozone in the air in high concentrations is dangerous to human health, therefore the rooms where the facilities are located should be ventilated with either general exchange ventilation and exhaust ventilation, or through window openings with an air exchange rate of at least one krat in 15 minutes.

Table 3
Levels of bactericidal efficiency and bulk bactericidal dose (exposure) of Hv for S. aureus, depending on the categories of premises to be equipped with bactericidal installations for air disinfection

Bactericidal dose and bactericidal (antimicrobial) efficacy
The work of germicidal lamps is characterized by radiometric values. The main ones are bactericidal dose and bactericidal efficacy. The degree of disinfection of air or surfaces depends on the bactericidal dose. The bactericidal dose (ultraviolet radiation dose) or exposure should be understood as the density of the bactericidal radiation energy, or the ratio of the bactericidal radiation energy to the area of ​​the irradiated surface (surface dose, J / m2) or the volume of the irradiated object (volume dose, J / m3) [3].

The effectiveness of microbial irradiation, or bactericidal (antimicrobial) efficiency, is the level of microbial contamination of the air environment or on any surface as a result of ultraviolet radiation. This value is estimated in percent - as the ratio of the number of dead microorganisms to their initial number before irradiation. The bactericidal efficiency of lamps depends mainly on the radiation dose (DUV, J / m2) supplied to microorganisms:

DUV = It, (1)

where I is the average intensity or dose of radiation, J / cm2;

t is the exposure time, s.

The application of this simple-looking equation is rather difficult when taking into account the dose for a particle passing through a device with a variable flux density. The equation describes the process of irradiating a particle with a dose received in a single pass through the device. With repeated exposure to microorganisms (recycling) bactericidal efficiency is doubled.

The survival rate of a microbial or colony forming unit (CFU) exposed to bactericidal exposure depends exponentially on the dose:

(2)

where k is the constant deactivation (inactivation), depending on the specific type of CFU m2 / J;

The resulting coefficient of inactivation of a particle in one pass (η) through the radiation field is used as an indicator of the overall radiation efficiency and shows the percentage or proportion of CFUs that are inactivated after one pass through the irradiation field, and also depends on S and is always less than 1:

η = 1 − S. (3)

The values ​​of the parameter k for many species of bacteria, fungi, and mold have been experimentally obtained and may differ from each other by several orders of magnitude. This is due to the methods and conditions of measurement: they are produced in the air stream, in water or on the surface. The reading k is strongly influenced by the error in measuring the survival rate of the microbial culture. In this regard, it is very difficult to choose the right k values ​​for the design conditions of bactericidal systems, and, as a rule, the average or maximum known k values ​​are used for applying equation 2 depending on the goals of disinfection.

Standards for the design and maintenance of germicidal lamps
Despite the fact that the field of application of UV-irradiation technologies is constantly expanding and modern efficient systems are being developed, industry standards for the installation and maintenance of systems do not yet exist. In 2003, ASHRAE created a special group on ultraviolet treatment of air and surfaces, transformed in 2007 into a Technical Committee. In addition, a Standardization Committee was established to develop standards for testing air and surface disinfection systems. To date, two standards for the treatment of air and surfaces by UV radiation and the testing of air disinfection systems are under development. Also this year, a new section on disinfection with ultraviolet radiation has appeared in the ASHRAE manual for building systems and climate control equipment.

In our country in the early 1990s, a number of documents were developed on the rationing of technical requirements for medical equipment [5, 6, 7], and two documents were put into effect: in 2004, “Guidelines on the use of ultraviolet germicidal radiation for air disinfection in premises ”[3] and in 2002“ Guidelines for the design of ultraviolet germicidal plants for disinfecting air ”[8]. In 2004, the Ministry of Health of Russia adopted a Resolution “On the organization and conduct of cleaning and disinfection of ventilation and air conditioning systems” [9]. One of its main provisions is the requirement for equipping ventilation and air conditioning systems with bactericidal equipment based on modern ultraviolet technologies.

Duct air disinfection systems
Built-in bactericidal systems are recommended to be installed inside the air ducts or the casing of the air handling units for disinfection of internal surfaces and air supplied to the room (Fig. 1). In this case, there is either instantaneous inactivation of microorganisms, or a slowdown in the growth of their number. The zones of formation and accumulation of moisture, for example, drain pallets, are particularly dangerous. The use of ultra-fine filters is recommended (GOST R 51252-99. Air purification filters. Classification. Marking), despite the fact that they have high hydraulic resistance, cost and short service life.

Surface disinfection systems
Before starting the operation of the disinfection systems, surfaces should be cleaned, especially those that come into contact with moisture, from mold or microbial deposits. It is recommended to install germicidal lamps in close proximity to the cooling circuits in increments that allow even distribution of UV energy. To improve the efficiency of the lamps, reflecting devices are used (Fig. 2). The methods of installing the lamps can be different: before or after the cooling circuit and at any angle, it is only important that the UV energy penetrates to all points of the fins of the air coolers. The second method is often used because of the presence, firstly, of the available free space, and secondly, because of the possibility of open irradiation of the drain pan.

The principle of operation of a bactericidal installation with reflectors installed inside the duct
Figure 2.

The principle of operation of a bactericidal installation with reflectors installed inside the duct

Places for placement of lamps depend on the design of the air handling unit and the type of lamps used, the most common is the installation of lamps at a distance of 0.9–1.0 m from the cooling circuit during round-the-clock operation. Continuous exposure to UV irradiation provides a dose of ultraviolet radiation needed to prevent the development of microorganisms at low radiation intensity.

Air disinfection
The work of bactericidal systems, sufficient for disinfecting surfaces, is not always effective in the case of air disinfection. Although properly designed systems can handle both air and surfaces at the same time. They are usually not equipped with reflective devices that block the flow of ultraviolet energy (Fig. 3). It is possible to increase system performance by improving the overall reflectivity of the internal surfaces of ducts or inlet installations. This leads to an enhanced reflection of UV energy in the irradiation zone and an increase in the UV dose. The main purpose of using lamps is to evenly distribute the UV energy in all directions of engineering structures, regardless of their type.

The principle of operation of a bactericidal installation without reflectors
Figure 3.

The principle of operation of a bactericidal installation without reflectors

When designing bactericidal systems, the velocity of air in the ducts should be taken at a rate of 2.5 m / s. Under these conditions, the duration of exposure to UV radiation on the air flow is 1 s. Interestingly, the required dose of UV irradiation for the inactivation of microorganisms contained both on the surface and in the air flow is the same. To achieve the process of inactivation in a shorter time, higher levels of exposure are required. To do this, increase the reflectivity of the internal surfaces of the air ducts and (or) take to install a larger number of high-power lamps.

Air velocity of 2.5 m / s corresponds to the length of the irradiation zone not less than 0.6 m or the exposure time of the irradiation of microorganisms equal to 0.25 s. Usually bactericidal irradiators are placed in the inlet installations after the heating (cooling) circuits. There are cases of installation of lamps in front of the air heater (cooler), which leads to a decrease in the air flow rate or an increase in the exposure time of the irradiators, and the disinfection of the drain pan is also hampered.

Bactericidal systems with the joint operation of supply and exhaust ventilation systems are recommended to be used in premises with a constant stay of a large number of people or groups of people with a reduced immune barrier (hospitals, prisons, shelters) to prevent the spread of airborne infections (for example, staphylococcus, streptococcus, tuberculosis , flu, etc.) in the mode of permanent work. In rooms with no people at night, for example, in office buildings, shopping centers, etc., it is possible to use such systems in periodic mode, with switching off during off-hours to save energy and increase lamp life. Periodic operation should be foreseen at the design stage of the systems when equipment capacities are determined.

Systems for air disinfection of the upper zone of the premises
Radiation systems designed to disinfect the air in the upper zone of the room are attached to the ceiling or on the walls of the room at a height of at least 2.1 m above the floor level (Fig. 4).

Bactericidal plants for air treatment of the upper zone of the room
Figure 4.

Bactericidal plants for air treatment of the upper zone of the room

In this case, the lamps are equipped with screens to reflect the radiation upwards in order to intensify the UV irradiation of the upper zone of the room, while maintaining minimal levels of exposure in the working area (Fig. 5). Inactivation of microorganisms occurs during the irradiation of air passing above the lamps. There are bactericidal systems with built-in fans to improve the mixing of air, which greatly increases the overall efficiency of the systems.

The principle of operation of wall bactericidal installations for the treatment of air in the upper zone of the room
Figure 5.

The principle of operation of wall-mounted bactericidal installations for the treatment of air in the upper zone of the room. Depending on the height of the room, open-type lamps or with screens that prevent radiation from entering the upper zone are used. Open-type lamps provide intensive irradiation of the upper zone of the room, while maintaining a safe level of UV irradiation in the working area. The mechanical ventilation system mixes air in the irradiation zone. Ceiling type irradiators can also be used. 1 - disinfection system with indoor screens, 2.4–2.7 m high; 2 - disinfection system for rooms higher than 2.7 m

Ceiling or wall-type air disinfection systems should be used either independently in the absence of supply and exhaust ventilation systems with built-in irradiators, or in conjunction with it for more effective inactivation of microorganisms. Rules for the use and placement of UV lamps should be consistent with the passport of the equipment manufacturers. As the experience of using irradiators showed, the use of one lamp with a nominal power of 30 watts on average for every 18.6 m2 of the irradiated surface is sufficient, although it is known that lamps of such power do not always have the same efficiency, often it depends on the type of lamp manufacturer and many factors. As a result, a number of new studies have recommendations for the installation of lamps. The main requirement is to ensure uniform distribution of radiation in the upper zone of a room with a power in the range of 30–50 W / m2, which is considered sufficient for inactivation of cells containing Mycobacterium and most viruses. The efficiency of disinfection greatly increases with air mixing in the room, for which it is desirable to use mechanical ventilation systems or at least fans installed directly in the room.

The main parameters affecting the operation of disinfection systems
Relative humidity
At a relative humidity of more than 80%, the bactericidal effect of ultraviolet radiation decreases by 30% due to the screening effect of microorganisms. The dustiness of the flasks of lamps and reflectors of the irradiator reduces the value of the bactericidal flow by up to 10%. At room temperature and relative humidity up to 70%, these factors can be neglected. The influence of relative humidity on the behavior of microorganisms (k-value) is noted, although it is not fully substantiated, since studies do not provide permanent results. The relationship between relative humidity and susceptibility of microorganisms depends on their species, but nevertheless the best effect of inactivation is noted with an increase in relative humidity up to 70% and higher. Nevertheless, it is recommended to use these systems at a relative humidity of no higher than 60% from the condition of ensuring the required air quality and microbial seeding level. As a rule, systems for disinfecting indoor air work in conditions of low relative humidity, channel systems - at higher. The relationship between relative humidity and inactivation efficiency requires further study.

Air temperature and speed
The change in air temperature in the room affects the radiation power of the lamp and the UV dose. When the ambient temperature is less than or equal to 10 or 40 ° C or more, the value of the bactericidal flux of the lamps decreases by 10% of the nominal. As the room temperature falls below 10 ° C, ignition of the lamps becomes difficult and the sputtering of the electrodes increases, which leads to a reduction in the service life of the lamps. Also the lifetime is affected by the number of inclusions, each of which reduces the total lifetime of the lamps by 2 hours. The UV performance of duct systems varies from 100% to 60% depending on temperature changes and the air flow rate inside the duct, in particular, in systems with variable flow rates, where both parameters change simultaneously. The effect of temperature and air velocity should be considered when designing in-channel systems to maintain constant efficiency under all operating conditions. The susceptibility of microorganisms to radiation does not depend on temperature and air velocity.

The reflectivity of the irradiated surfaces
Improving the reflectivity of ducts increases the efficiency of the systems installed inside them and is a very economical way, since all the reflected energy is added to the direct energy when calculating the UV dose. Not every surface that reflects visible light reflects UV energy. For example, polished copper reflects most of the visible light, and ultraviolet - only 10%. The reflectivity of the galvanized steel from which the air ducts are made is approximately 55%. Also, to increase the efficiency of irradiation, it is advisable to veneer the air ducts with aluminum or other reflective materials.

The reflectivity of surfaces is useful for duct systems, but can be dangerous for ceilings, when applied, the surfaces of ceilings or walls should eliminate the reflection of UV rays from surfaces located at a distance of 3 m or less from the open side of the illuminator. Reflections from surfaces should be eliminated by applying low-reflective paints or coatings, but maintaining the required irradiation of the upper area of ​​the room and at the same time reducing the impact of UV on people in the working area of ​​the room.

The effect of UV rays on surface quality
Exposure to UV rays does not affect the physicochemical properties of inorganic materials, such as metal or glass, organic materials are destroyed fairly quickly. Thus, synthetic filter elements, gaskets, rubber, motor windings, electrical insulation, internal insulation of air ducts, plastic pipes located 1.8 m or less from the lamps inside the air handling units or air ducts should be protected from UV radiation in order to avoid damage. Otherwise, the safety of the entire system may be impaired.

Ceiling devices do not seriously harm the quality of building structures, with the exception of peeling paint or cracking coatings. Therefore, the irradiated surface is recommended to be made of materials resistant to UV radiation. Paper products: books, documents and various items stored in the upper part of the premises may discolor or dry out. There have been cases of negative effects of irradiators located in the upper zone of the room, on plants. These problems are completely eliminated by proper maintenance of the systems and removal of UV-sensitive objects from the irradiation zone.



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Clorox Disinfecting Wipes, Bleach Free Cleaning Wipes - Crisp Lemon, 105 Count (Pack of 4) (Packaging May Vary)

Sanitary treatment of the population, disinfection of buildings and structures

Partial sanitization
As a result of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy, pockets of radioactive, chemical, and bacteriological contamination may occur. Under these conditions, people, animals, as well as territory, workplaces, apartments, and other materiel may become infected. Therefore, in order to eliminate the possibility of injury, it is necessary to carry out works on disinfection and sanitization.

Disinfection - the decontamination, decontamination and disinfection of infected surfaces.

Decontamination is carried out when contaminated with radioactive substances in order to remove them from contaminated sites to acceptable standards.

Degassing consists of disinfecting poisonous substances and their removal from infected surfaces.

Disinfection refers to the destruction of pathogenic microbes and the destruction of toxins.

In the event that an adversary of carriers of infectious diseases is used by the enemy, a disinsection is organized - the extermination of infected insects, ticks or deratization is carried out - the destruction of rodents.

Sanitary treatment of people - is the removal of radioactive and toxic substances, as well as bacteriological agents from the skin and mucous membranes of humans.

When people sanitize people, decontamination, degassing and disinfection of clothes, shoes and personal protective equipment is carried out.

Depending on the conditions of holding, the availability of time and the means available, measures for decontamination and sanitization are divided into partial and complete.

Partial measures for the decontamination of materials and sanitation of people are prophylactic. They are carried out during chemical contamination directly in the lesion, and in case of radioactive contamination, after leaving the lesion.

Full disinfection is carried out at stationary washing points, clothes disinfection stations, as well as at special treatment points (pads) deployed outside the lesion focus. Partial sanitization is usually a preliminary measure before a more thorough sanitization, and it must be carried out after people leave (withdrawal) from the infected area.

When contaminated with poisonous substances, partial sanitization consists of degassing poisonous substances (OM) that have got on the skin, clothing, shoes and protective equipment.

For carrying out partial sanitization apply individual anti-chemical package (IPP). Dimensions and shape of the package are convenient for its practical application and carrying a gas mask in a pocket. The package is intended for degassing of organic matter on open skin areas (face, neck, hands) and certain parts of clothing (collar, cuffs). In addition, it is possible, in some cases, the degassing of the front part of the gas mask and small parts and objects that are dangerous. When infected with pathogenic microbes and toxins, partial sanitization should, whenever possible, be carried out immediately after the fact of infection has been established or left the infected area.



Partial sanitation when contaminated with radioactive substances is the mechanical removal of radioactive substances from the skin, clothing and shoes. It is carried out by the population independently after leaving the polluted area.

Removal of radioactive dust from clothing, footwear and protective equipment is performed by shaking, knocking out, sweeping and rubbing.

With a lack of water, wipe open skin with a wet swab. Tampons can be moistened with IPP solutions.

Radioactive substances are removed from exposed skin by washing with water or wiping with a wet tampon (towels).

In case of radioactive contamination, partial sanitization involves washing the hands, face, neck, and other open areas of the body with clean water, as well as rinsing and washing the mouth and nose.


Full sanitization
Full sanitation, as well as partial, is the removal of radioactive and toxic substances or bacterial agents, but unlike it is in the nature of the final preventive measures for the destruction of people and maintaining their efficiency. It is performed more thoroughly, while not only individual infected skin areas are treated, but also the entire surface of the body with soap and washcloth.

All people who were in the contaminated area must undergo a complete sanitary treatment. It is carried out, as a rule, in pre-equipped stationary washing stations, baths, shower pavilions, sanitary inspection rooms, or on platforms specially developed for this purpose using mobile means. Under favorable summer conditions, complete sanitization is carried out on open flowing reservoirs or on a river.

People who come in contaminated clothes and need to be fully sanitized are sent to locker rooms, where they take off and transfer their clothes to a specially equipped room to collect contaminated clothing and prepare it for decontamination. Further, all arrivals pass to the room where the medical staff examines the affected, helps them in the treatment of the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth, and also provides the necessary medical care to those in need. At the entrance to the shower room people get soap and washcloths made from soft materials or rags. Each consumes about 40 g of soap and 30–35 liters of water heated to 38–40 ° C.

Sanitary processing lasts no more than 30 minutes. (undressing - 5 minutes, washing in the shower - 15 minutes and dressing - 10 minutes). After washing, people move to the dressing room, where they are subjected to repeated medical examination, and during radioactive contamination - to dosimetric control. If in this case the residual contamination of people turns out to be higher than permissible, then they are returned back to the shower room, where they undergo repeated washing.

In the dressing room, people who have undergone sanitary treatment receive their decontaminated clothes, shoes, dress and leave the stationary washing station, without meeting with the flow of people heading to the sanitary treatment center. In cases where the complexity and duration of clothing disinfection regimes exclude the possibility of its timely return to people who have undergone sanitary treatment, they give out clean linen, bathrobes, slippers and other articles of clothing from the stock of stationary washing points (exchange fund).

Sanitary treatment of people infected with radioactive and toxic substances or bacterial agents and having injuries, burns, contusions and other injuries, is organized by the medical service of civil defense in its formations.

Decontamination of clothes and shoes is made:

1. Clothing not resistant to decontamination
2. Control of complete decontamination
3. Warehouse of non-decontaminated property
4. Deactivation of protective clothing
5. Decontamination of clothes
6. Water tanks
7. Deactivation of gas masks
8. Decontamination of shoes (A - clean, B - dirty half of the site)

Decontamination of clothing and footwear is performed by knocking out, knocking over, shaking out or wiping with decontamination solutions, and in the absence, with water. After treatment, dosimetry monitoring is performed. Upon detection of contamination above the permissible rate of decontamination is repeated.



Disinfection of vehicles, buildings and territories
Decontamination of the territory

Decontamination, degassing and disinfection are only limited and the most important parts of the territory, roads, passages and certain parts of the area. During decontamination and disinfection of the territory, the site used chemical and mechanical methods. Degassing and disinfection by watering with degassing solutions is performed by filling stations, irrigation, agricultural and other machines, evenly spraying degassing solutions. Mechanical methods of degassing, disinfecting a territory, a site include: cutting and removing an infected layer of soil or snow, insulation with a layer of non-infected material, and flooring. Disinfection of a territory or certain parts of a locality is performed by spraying insecticidal preparations with solutions and emulsions, as well as by dusting these preparations with dusting.

Disinfection of buildings and structures

In assessing the amount of upcoming work on decontamination, decontamination and disinfection of administrative, household and residential buildings, various types of buildings and structures of urban and industrial nature are usually guided by the same as in the disinfection of the territory.

Ways of decontamination of surfaces of buildings and structures:

• washing with water;
• washing with detergents and formulations;
• gas-liquid method;
• vacuum decontamination;
• sandblasting;
• chipping and scraping.

It should be remembered that, under all conditions, the processes of degassing of buildings and structures are mainly superficial in nature; therefore, in the first hours after processing, it is necessary to observe precautions. The outer surfaces of the structures, which cannot be left to natural disinfection due to the danger of hitting people (radiation, evaporation, toxic substances, etc.), are processed in a certain sequence. Processing begins with the roofs and upper parts of the walls located on the windward side.

The order of processing from top to bottom and taking into account the direction of the wind are necessary in order to avoid re-infection of previously treated surfaces as a result of the spreading of sewage and solutions or the drift of spray and dust by the wind.

During decontamination, decontamination and disinfection of service and residential premises, where abundant use of water and working solutions is undesirable, the infected surfaces are moistened and sprayed with detergent or degassing (disinfectant) solutions. At the same time they are rubbed with brushes, brushes, rags. After that, the treated surfaces are washed with clean water and again wiped with a clean rag. Before disinfection, light things are taken out of the premises and processed separately, and bulky disinfects simultaneously with the room.

Disinfection of vehicles, machinery and equipment

Urban transport, cars, as well as construction, road, agricultural and other machines are disinfected in cases where the degree of contamination is so high that their further use as intended is dangerous for the maintenance personnel and the people around them.

Depending on the conditions and methods of treatment, the means used in this process, it is customary to subdivide the disinfection of transport and equipment into partial and complete.

Partial decontamination, degassing or disinfection of vehicles and equipment consist in the removal of radioactive substances or the neutralization of toxic substances and bacterial agents on the surfaces of objects with which the personnel is in contact with the process. During decontamination by a stream of water, the entire surface of an infected object is sequentially washed from top to bottom with a strong stream of water, paying particular attention to the grooves, cracks and crevices. To flush water does not flow into the cabin or body, the doors, windows and windshields are tightly closed beforehand.

Full disinfection of cars, tractors, bulldozers and other machines is produced outside the contaminated area, at the stations of disinfection of transport.




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