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Polycarbonate Greenhouse Processing - Disinfection Rules

In order to greenhouse every year pleased with a rich harvest, it needs special care. Polycarbonate greenhouse processing should be carried out at least twice a year - in autumn and spring. In this article you will find useful tips on all the intricacies of greenhouse processing.

Why is polycarbonate greenhouse processing so important?
First of all, it is necessary to process greenhouses so that they can comply with sanitary standards. In the greenhouse they always strive to create the most favorable microclimate for the plants. Humidity should be elevated, and the temperature should be high. But in such conditions, in addition to plants, representatives of pathogenic flora also develop well. These include:
causative agents of infectious diseases;
mold spores and harmful fungi;
pathogens;
harmful bacteria.

If the greenhouse frame is not processed and the soil is not disinfected, the harmful microorganisms will develop on the planted plants, hinder their growth and even destroy them.
There are such pathogens that do not lose their viability for a very long time. For example, spores of phytophtoras, which often infect tomatoes, may not lose their ability to develop from three to five years, if they fall into favorable conditions.
It is necessary to observe the rules of crop rotation to avoid depletion of the soil and the appearance of harmful bacteria and toxins in it. Therefore, it is so important to carry out the post-harvest treatment and to disinfect the soil for the prevention of numerous ailments that can affect the plants. Thanks to this, it is possible to protect against such unpleasant consequences as top rot, fusarium and phytophthora on tomatoes. It is also effective to fight with brown spot on tomatoes, treating the soil properly.
The frame of the greenhouse and its other elements also require treatment, which will protect them from pests. Closer to winter, some of their representatives can penetrate into the ground and benefit from the cold there.
If you dig up the soil in the fall and partially replace the soil, you can protect yourself from the appearance of the whitefly and other pests. It is possible to fight spider mite with the help of fumigating the room with sulfur checkers.
Thus, it is simply necessary to do the processing of the polycarbonate greenhouse in the autumn and spring. This significantly reduces the risk of infectious plant diseases, and the room is cleaned from dust, dirt and rust.
Note: Do not forget about the need to process garden tools, shelves, racks and so on.

What is the most favorable time to process the greenhouse?

Processing of the greenhouse should be carried out once, and preferably twice a year. So in the construction of a safe environment in which you can grow healthy plants.
Autumn disinfection includes:
external processing using soap solution;
cleaning leaves, dry plants and debris;
processing of structures located inside the greenhouse;
soil disinfection;
fumigation.
In order to clean the heavily contaminated areas of the greenhouse, you can use a brush.
In the spring, it is necessary to disinfect the soil. For this purpose, special biological preparations are used. The most frequently used are phytocide, trichodermine, biodestructor, stubble, pentafog, azotophyte and phytosporin. With their help, it turns out to fix the result of autumn processing. Such procedures must be carried out every year.
The main stages of autumn processing



Consider:

Harvesting plant residues. They can play the role of overwintering for various bacteria. If the tops are affected by bacteria or other pests, it is better to burn it. Compost can be made from healthy plants.
Cleaning of supports and straps. They may also contain pests. They are recommended to be burned or removed outside the construction. When using metal reusable supports they are processed together with other elements of the greenhouse.
Washing the greenhouse. Thanks to wet cleaning, the greenhouse is freed from dirt, viruses, spores and fungi, fertilizing, spraying and chemical residues that have settled on the structure. Due to the instability of polycarbonate to scratches, it is recommended to use microfiber rags and soft sponges for wet cleaning. For washing take warm water and laundry soap (you can replace it with a liquid detergent). Soap foam is applied to the entire inner surface, especially carefully clean the joints of the frame with a polycarbonate coating. The foam is left for 5-10 minutes, and then washed off with a hose (with moderate water pressure) or by hand. When the inner surface of the greenhouse is washed, proceed to flush the outer. In winter, it will be easier to remove snow and ice from the cleaned surface.
Tillage. With a strong contamination of the soil by pests, it is removed and removed (layer of 7-10 cm). This soil can no longer be used for other plants. It is recommended to take it out of the garden and disinfect. Then, where was the affected soil, fall asleep new. If the soil was moderately contaminated, it can be treated on site with chemicals. Before processing the soil does not need to dig over if it is treated from harmful bacteria. And in the case of harmful insects, on the contrary, a preliminary digging is required, since they can hide before the winter cold deep in the ground. Digging up the soil, you can add fertilizers and preparations containing copper to contain the development of fungal diseases.

Processing greenhouses in spring
In the spring the greenhouse is treated in almost the same way as in the fall. If the fall has not been removed the remains of plants, they are removed and proceed to disinfection.
When infecting plants that were grown in a greenhouse in summer, it is likely that the soil and elements of the greenhouse contain larvae and spores of pests. The heat that comes will lead to their activity, which will be a threat to the future harvest. Therefore, disinfection in the spring in this case is indispensable.
It will also be necessary to clean the polycarbonate in order to improve its ability to transmit light. Before cleaning, you should repair if there is any damage to the structure after winter.
At the final stage, the soil is prepared for planting. Sometimes the soil is completely replaced. This procedure is advisable in the following cases:
plant diseases that grew in the greenhouse were observed;
agronomical crop rotation was not observed, the soil is depleted;
It is planned to create high warm beds.
If none of these situations is typical for your greenhouse, you can do with traditional methods of increasing yields: add organic matter, loosen and fluff the soil.
Stages of spring processing greenhouses
Consider more:
The release of the area - removal of racks, tanks for seedlings, dismantling of supports to strengthen the roof for the winter.
Replacing damaged frame parts if available. Gaping the restored items with lime and paint glue.
Inspection of watering and heating equipment, its repair, if necessary, and fresh painting of pipes.
Inspection of polycarbonate, replacement of sheets, if necessary.
Garbage collection (if it was not done in the fall).
Disinfection. Cleaning of polycarbonate and all internal elements of the greenhouse by wet cleaning, fumigation of the room (if necessary).
Soil preparation - disinfection, application of additives and fertilizers. However, chemicals are not recommended. If necessary, the soil is completely replaced.

Preparing for the winter
After the crop is harvested and processed in the greenhouse, it should not be disassembled for the winter period. However, it should be prepared for the winter cold.
So that the structure is not damaged by the snow load, it is reinforced with 3-4 T-shaped supports made of wood. So until the spring, the roof of the greenhouse will be strengthened.
More supports should be placed where the leeward sides of the greenhouse are located (where the snow will accumulate in large quantities).
They put the supports not on the ground, but on a solid support.
How to disinfect the soil?
For the best quality tillage, it will be necessary to replace its top layer (6-8 cm). Compost is laid on the cleared space, and new soil is laid on top of it.
With a small area of ​​the greenhouse, you can use boiling water, thanks to which disinfection will be carried out.
Also for the treatment of soil, you can use Bordeaux liquid or copper sulphate. Often also used bleach and potassium permanganate.
Today, gardeners often use sulfur bombs, thanks to which both the soil and the inner surfaces of the greenhouse are disinfected.
It is possible to treat the soil with chemicals only in the fall. In the spring before planting plants they are not recommended to apply.
Features processing frame
The frame of the greenhouse should be carefully inspected for damage and rust before processing. If rust has been noticed, it is removed, and the cleaned and dried place is painted over. When detecting damage to the frame, it is repaired.
The frame, as well as the polycarbonate surface, is washed using a warm soap solution. At the same time it is necessary to ensure that the soap does not fall into the soil.
More on processing facilities
The soil in the greenhouse for disinfection in the spring can be treated with the following disinfectants:
Formalin - used two weeks before plants are planted. To do this, you will need a bucket of water in which 250 ml of a forty percent formalin solution is dissolved. The resulting liquid is sprayed with soil (for each square meter - 10 liters of liquid). After spraying the ground is covered with a film. Three days later it is removed, and the soil is dug up. Next, you need to ventilate the greenhouse. After this treatment, the soil will need fertilizing with good bacteria.
Copper sulfate - able to protect the soil from harmful insects and fungal infections. 10 liters take 1 tbsp. spoon of vitriol and bring before planting in each well. This procedure can be carried out every five years.
Bordeaux mixture - contains hydrated lime and copper sulfate. For its effectiveness, you need to properly prepare the mixture. For 1 liter of hot water take 100 grams of copper sulfate. Then cold water is added to make a total of 5 liters of fluid. Separately quenched lime. Per liter of water will require 120 grams of powder. Bring volume to 5 liters. Mix the lime solution with the blue vitriol, gradually pouring the latter and stirring the solution with a rod.
"Iprodion" - is produced in the form of a dry powder, which must be added under the spring digging (100-150 grams per 1 square meter). This tool is able to suppress the development of Phomopsis, white and gray rot, as well as oidium.
Fungicide TMTD - is not phytotoxic and can be used at any time. Means in the form of a dry powder is scattered on the ground, which is then harrowed and watered with a weak solution of potassium permanganate. This remedy fights against peronosporosis, mold, fusarium and fomoz of vegetable crops.

As a preventive measure, you can also treat the greenhouse with water with manganese or pour boiling water over the soil.
For disinfection of the inner surface of the greenhouse, you can also use copper sulphate, formalin solution and Bordeaux mixture.
Also, wet treatment in spring can be carried out using:
Bleach 400 grams of dry matter should be dissolved in 10 liters of water, insisted for 4 hours and sprayed on the inner elements of the greenhouse. For the processing of polycarbonate using a transparent composition, and for the wooden frame - sediment.
Carbation - contains a fumigant that can cope with blackleg, root rot and other pathogens of infectious plant diseases. The solution of this substance should be sprayed on the frame.
In addition, it can be carried out "gas" spring processing. To do this, use one of the following types of smoke bombs:
Hexochloran. It contains an insecticide that has a neuroparalytic effect and is used against the caterpillars of butterflies and insects found in the soil. With a cocktail and herbivorous mites such a tool can not cope.
Sulfuric checker - has a systemic effect, for which reason it is considered a universal remedy. Mites, small insects and fungi are suppressed with the help of sulfur anhydicide. As a spring treatment, this tool is used more often than others due to the complex insecticidal and bactericidal effects. It does not require redevelopment of the soil.
Permethrin - has a neuro-paralyzing effect, therefore, copes with moths, ants and flying insects.
Tobacco checkers. Because of the nicotine smoke they emit, pests die, and plants are protected from disease. Such checkers can be used for greenhouses with a painted metal frame.
Prepared chemicals that can process the greenhouse
We list:
Fufanon - effective in the fight against aphids, whitefly, thrips spider mite. 5 ml of the product are added to 5 liters of water, and the resulting solution is used to spray the gaps in the frame, the fences of the beds, other places where insects can spend the winter, and the topsoil.
Thunderstorm - effectively fights slugs and snails. This tool is scattered on the soil immediately after the plants have been removed from it. For 5 square meters should account for 15 grams of the drug. There is no point in cultivating the land when it is already cold.
Muracid - an excellent tool to combat ants. It is sold in ampoules of 1 ml. It must be diluted in 10 liters of water and used for watering nests. At each nest you need to pour 1 liter of solution. You can use this solution also for watering ant trails.
Thunder - used in the fight against the bear and ants. In the middle of a bear, having a diameter of up to 2 cm, lay out the preparation, slightly moisturizing it. For each hole should be 1 teaspoon of the drug. When fighting ants, the tool crumbles into their nests.
Marshal - is used to fight a nematode, aphids, thrips and spider mites. One ampoule of the drug (7 ml) is diluted in 9 liters of water. The resulting solution is poured over a soil of 10 square meters. Only one such treatment can be performed in one season. Means is toxic, both for the person, and for animals.
Phytosporin - is a biological drug used against fungal diseases. In 10 liters of water pour out 5 grams of powder and mix. The solution is used to spray the ceiling and walls of the greenhouse, as well as the top layer of soil. The drug is active only at temperatures from +10 degrees and above.

What do experienced gardeners recommend?
Gardeners who grow plants annually in polycarbonate greenhouses are advised to:
During deep autumn, open the vents and doors of the greenhouse to frost kill those pests that survived after autumn processing, and the greenhouse has the same temperature as outside (so no frost will form on the polycarbonate and the snow will slip from the greenhouse unhindered ).
To the greenhouse was not destroyed by snow load, it should be strengthened with supports in the form of additional arcs or wooden T-shaped supports.
On the question of what the greenhouse is treated with, each gardener will give his answer. It is important to consider the reason for the need for disinfection, the conditions in the greenhouse, and what plants in it will be grown.

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Disinfection in beauty salons

The priority factors in the prevention of infections is the proper conduct of antiseptic hand treatment, disinfection, sterilization of instruments, current and general cleaning of premises.
Disinfection in hairdressing and beauty salons is a highly important and always current topic. Priority factors in the prevention of infections is the proper conduct of antiseptic hand treatment, disinfection, sterilization of instruments, and routine and general cleaning of premises.

Disinfection or disinfection is a complex of measures aimed at the destruction of pathogens of infectious diseases in the environment of human life.

For disinfection treatment of hands, use AHD 2000 express, AHD 2000 gel, Neoseptin Perevin. These are disinfectants for hygienic and surgical treatment of hands and skin, as well as for quick disinfection of small surfaces, non-critical medical devices.

Disinfection of the instrument should be carried out after each patient, the method of soaking for a certain time depends on the concentration of the working solution. To do this, add 1 to 5 ml of water (5 to 10 ml) of Blanidas Active is a universal non-chlorine-free non-chlorine agent for the current, final, preventive disinfection (the shelf life of unused working solution is 14 days in a closed container).

Only after complete disinfection the instrument is placed in the sterilizer until the next use. Heat treatment is most commonly used for sterilization, although there are chemical sterilization methods. If you really want to put the tool after chemical sterilization in a dry-heat cabinet, wipe it from the disinfecting solution.

For quick disinfection of working surfaces, use Aerodezin, a ready-made tool for emergency disinfection of surfaces of small area and non-critical medical devices.

For disinfection of wooden surfaces, a special tool “Lysoformin Plus Foam” has been developed. This is a alcohol-free foam-based agent for quick disinfection of objects, non-critical medical devices.

Also, for the current disinfection of staff's hands in sanitary facilities, use the disinfecting liquid soap Bionol Bactericide or Blanidas Soft Dez, because regular soap does not disinfect the skin of hands, but only washes away dirt.

For the safety of customers, daily disinfecting treatment of the surfaces, tools and hands of maintenance personnel should be carried out. Do not let infections ruin your business!


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Method of photocatalytic disinfection of surfaces

Abstract
The invention relates to the field of disinfection of surfaces by ultraviolet radiation and can be used to disinfect the premises of public institutions, transport, furniture, equipment. The method involves pre-spraying an aqueous suspension of titanium dioxide nanoparticles with an average diameter of 23.3 nm at a concentration of 0.5 g / l for 15 minutes on the surface being treated with ultrasound and then irradiating the surface with narrow-band bactericidal ultraviolet radiation. The invention allows to reduce the time of irradiation of surfaces and improve the efficiency of disinfection. 1 tab.
Description
The invention relates to the field of disinfection of surfaces of objects and internal surfaces of premises for various purposes from pathogenic microflora using ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the presence of a photocatalyst titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ). It can be used for express disinfection of public premises (for example, the internal walls of medical, educational, cultural, sports, preschool institutions), transport, furniture, equipment without the use of disinfectant solutions.

The main oxidizing agents in photocatalytic reactions, as is known, are hydroxyl, peroxide and hydroperoxide radicals, of which the hydroxyl radical ОН ° is considered the most important oxidizing agent, providing inactivation of the cell [1].

Known methods of photocatalytic disinfection of surfaces in the presence of TiO 2 nanoparticles consist mainly in obtaining various antimicrobial films (coatings) based on TiO 2 , applying them to the surface with subsequent irradiation with light in the UV and / or visible range. The methods differ in the chemical composition of the films, the conditions for their preparation and application to the surface to be disinfected.

A known method for disinfecting surfaces, consisting in spraying TiO 2 nanoparticles heated in an induction plasma to 750 ° C on the surface with subsequent moistening and UV irradiation (Patent US 6235351 B1 of 05.22.2001).

The disadvantages of this method are:

a) The need to pre-heat a suspension of nanoparticles in an induction plasma, entailing significant energy costs.

b) The use of alcohol to obtain a suspension of nanoparticles.

c) The use of expensive equipment to obtain a high-temperature plasma discharge.

There is a method of self-disinfecting the surface using a reflective coating (Patent US 7288232 B2 of 10.30.2007), which consists in applying a primer to the surface, then a reflective layer, followed by the deposition of TiO 2 nanoparticles and heat treatment. The disinfecting effect is achieved by irradiation with UV light in the presence of water vapor.

The disadvantages of this method are:

a) strict surface requirements (hard, smooth, chemically inert, heat resistant);

b) multi-stage preliminary preparation of the surface (cleaning with acids, liquid carbon dioxide, organic solvents, applying a primer layer, barium sulfate, silica gel), which requires significant time-consuming;

c) the application of expensive primer and reflective layers;

d) the need for thermal treatment of the photocatalytic coating of the surface at temperatures up to 350 ° C;

e) The need for additional production and introduction of water vapor to initiate photocatalytic reactions that provide a disinfecting effect.

There are also known methods for cleaning the surface from pathogenic microflora and toxic chemicals by coating a surface consisting of an organic polymer base and TiO 2 nanoparticles (Patents US 2004/0224145 A1 of 11.11.2004, WO 2008/097778 A1 of 08/14/2008). The disinfecting effect is also achieved by irradiating with UV light after wetting this coating.

The disadvantages of this method are:

a) The need for preliminary preparation of a coating based on a polymer composition (polyacrylate, fluoropolymers, polyurethane, liquid crystal polymers, latex, etc.) or low-volatile organic solvents containing TiO 2 nanoparticles, as well as pigments, plasticizers, thickeners, thixotropic agents;

b) Special requirements for the surface to be disinfected (hard, cleaned, polished, degreased, and also etched in the case of a metal surface);

c) periodic updating of the polymer coating due to damages, scratches, etc .;

d) the need for additional wetting of the surface coating before UV treatment.

Also known is a method of cleaning and disinfecting surfaces using film-forming aqueous and / or alcohol dispersions of TiO 2 nanoparticles, as well as polymer-containing dispersions of TiO 2 (Patent US 6905814 B1 dated June 4, 2005).

The disadvantages of this method include the above paragraphs. a) and b), as well as:

c) the need to bring the pH of the dispersion of TiO 2 to a certain value depending on its chemical composition and its drying after application to the surface;

d) Use of long-wave UV-radiation at 365 nm for inactivation of aqueous suspensions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on a film of TiO 2 (5 × 10 7 CFU / ml) and a longer duration of exposure to achieve 99.9% inactivation effect - 6 hours (Example 7 implementation of the method).

A known method of photocatalytic inactivation of Escherichia coli cells on the surface of membrane filters in the presence of immobilized Ti 105 nanoparticles PC 105 [2]. The disadvantages of this method are the high cost of membrane filters and the use of fluorescent lamps emitting in a wide UV range of 290-400 nm and further in the visible range of 400-700 nm. The accepted bactericidal range of wavelengths (205-315 nm) accounts for only 6% of the total radiation of such lamps. Therefore, due to their low bactericidal efficacy, a disadvantage of this method is also the long duration of cell irradiation to achieve 99.9% inactivation effect (2 hours).

The closest analogues of the present invention are a method of disinfecting the surface by UV radiation in the presence of TiO 2 nanoparticles [3] and patent WO 2007/051996 A1 of 05/10/2007, taken as prototypes. In the article [3], the source of UV radiation was a Philips lamp with a power of 2 × 15 W, emitting "white light" ("white light" or visible range) and ultraviolet light at 365 nm. The surface to be disinfected (plexiglass) was coated with a nanoscale TiO 2 Degussa P25 photocatalyst. Next, aqueous suspensions of E. coli were applied and irradiated.

The disadvantages of this method are:

a) low bactericidal efficiency of lamps with low radiation intensity at 365 nm, not included in the accepted bactericidal range (205-315 nm). All radiation intensity falls within the visible range;

b) the limited practical application of the method, since in real conditions microorganisms are on surrounding surfaces, mainly in the form of biofilms, and not in the form of aqueous suspensions;

c) long duration of irradiation of bacterial suspensions on the surface to achieve its complete disinfection (60 min).

In example 1 of the method for producing a TiO 2 -based nanocomposite film and its application for antibacterial purposes (WO 2007/051996 A1), a VL-208BLB UV lamp manufactured by Vilber Lourmat (VWR Ltd.) with a power of 2 × 8 W was used as the radiation source. emitting "black light" at 365 nm with an intensity of 1.3 mW / cm 2 , without visible radiation ("black light blue"). This method has all the above disadvantages. In addition, the method is characterized by a multi-stage sol-gel method for producing a nanocomposite film, which includes expensive silver oxide (chemical synthesis, immersion of a glass slide into a sol to produce a film, doping a film with silver, high-temperature annealing of the finished film).

The task of the invention is to reduce the time of photocatalytic disinfection of surfaces by UV radiation with high efficiency inactivation of microorganisms.

The technical result achieved through the implementation of the invention is to significantly reduce the time of surface treatment to achieve complete inactivation of microorganisms (up to 45 seconds at an initial concentration of E. coli 10 8 CFU / ml).

The technical result is achieved by spraying an aqueous suspension of TiO 2 nanoparticles with an average diameter of 23.3 nm (Start Scientific Production Company, Perm, an analogue of Degussa P25) at a concentration of 0.5 g / l and irradiating the disinfected surface narrow-band ultraviolet radiation in the bactericidal range.

The proposed method does not require the preparation of a special multicomponent coating, applying it to the surface at high temperature and is not limited by the type of surface to be disinfected. Almost any surface located in industrial and medical premises, offices, private houses and apartments, transport (for example, walls, ceilings, floors (with any coating), curtains, curtains, plastic, glass, metal surfaces) can serve as a disinfectable surface. This method is implemented for surfaces infected with pathogenic microorganisms located on them in the form of biofilms, and not only in the form of aqueous suspensions.

The advantages of the proposed method are a significant reduction in the exposure time to achieve a 100% effect of disinfection and the simplicity of the disinfection technology. This provides the possibility of its use in emergency situations when immediate disinfection of contaminated surfaces is required. Titanium dioxide with nanoscale particles is an affordable, non-toxic, highly stable and relatively inexpensive material. As shown by the results of the study [4], TiO 2 nanoparticles (up to 100 nm in diameter) have a higher bactericidal activity than larger particles. The optimum concentration of catalyst in water is 0.5 g / l. For dispersion and activation of TiO 2 in water, we recommend its ultrasonic treatment.

Instead of fluorescent lamps with low bactericidal efficiency, we propose to use modern sources of UV radiation — excilamps and excimer lasers emitting on transitions of excimer and exciplex molecules. Their main advantage is a narrow emission spectrum, more than 80% of the total power of which is concentrated in a narrow (up to several nm at half-height) spectral band of the corresponding molecule. For example, a barrier discharge excilamp on KrCl molecules emits all energy in the bactericidal range with a maximum at a wavelength of 222 nm, and thus has a maximum efficiency in the bactericidal range (up to 30%). In addition, excilamps and excimer lasers do not contain mercury, are distinguished by high photon energy (3.5-10 eV), service life (1000-10000 hour), are simpler and safer for the operator.

Below are examples of the implementation of the claimed method.

Example 1

20 μl of water containing 10 8 CFU / ml of E. coli was applied to the initial sterile surface (glass) and dried at 37 ° C for 15 min to obtain a biofilm. Then, an aqueous suspension of titanium dioxide nanoparticles at a concentration of 0.5 g / l was sprayed onto the surface of the glass and irradiated at room temperature under an UV KrCl excilamp exit window emitting at 222 nm with a radiation intensity of 3.2 mW / cm 2 . Pre-suspension of TiO 2 nanoparticles was subjected to ultrasonic treatment in an ultrasonic bath at a frequency of 45 kHz and power of 50 W for 15 minutes. After irradiation, the cells were washed off the glass, suspended in distilled water, sown on agar medium, and incubated at 37 ° C for 24 hours to count the surviving cells.

The surface dose of UV radiation required to inactivate 99.9% of the cells at 10 8 CFU / ml is 33 mJ / cm 2 and is reached in 10 seconds.

The test results are shown in the table.

Example 2

The disinfection process was carried out analogously to example 1, but using a UV XeBr excilamp emitting at 282 nm with a radiation intensity of 1.0 mW / cm 2 . The surface UV dose, which inactivates 99.9% of the cells at 10 8 CFU / ml, is 9 mJ / cm 2 and is achieved in 9 seconds. The test results are shown in the table.

As an object of comparison, the method of water disinfection [2] and patent WO 2007/051996 A1 were used.


The initial concentration of E. coli cells, CFU / ml UV source, wavelength The time required to inactivate 100% of E. coli cells
Example 1 10 8 KrCl excilamp, 222 nm 45 seconds
Example 2 10 8 HeVG excilamp, 282 nm 25 sec
Kühn et al., 2003 1.2 × 10 7 Philips lamp, 365 nm + "white light" 60 min
Patent WO 2007/051996 A1 1.6 × 10 7 Lamp Vilber Lourmat VL-208 BLB, 365 nm ("black light") 6 hours, efficiency 69%
The results indicate a high bactericidal efficiency of the proposed method.

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How to properly disinfect the apiary

In order to create healthy apiaries and to obtain high-quality sanitary products of beekeeping, beekeepers need to regularly (at least once a year) carry out veterinary and sanitary measures in their apiaries, in which disinfection is a necessary link.

Disinfection in apiaries is carried out both with the preventive purpose, and forcedly - with the aim of eliminating the source of the disease.
The objects of disinfection in apiaries are beehives, honeycombs, equipment, equipment, beekeeper overalls, winter workers, storage facilities, as well as the territory of the apiary (pre-kiln platforms), drinking bowls, wax and wax.

Disinfection consists of two successive operations:
1. Mechanical cleaning, which removes dirt from the surfaces of the walls and bottom of hives, frames, etc.
2. Actually disinfection - surface treatment with disinfectant solutions.

1. Mechanical cleaning

During the beekeeping season, pollution consisting of residues of wax, propolis, bee feces, which contain billions of spores and vegetative cells of causative agents of infectious diseases of bees, accumulates on the surface of hives, somatoramok, beekeeping equipment, clothing of the beekeeper, etc. Solutions of disinfectants applied to such contaminated surfaces do not penetrate due to the strong surface tension of the liquid, which makes the disinfection process ineffective. Therefore, to achieve a more reliable result, all contamination must be removed and the surfaces should be degreased.

Before starting work, to prevent the dispersion of pathogens of infectious diseases, the walls, bottoms and hay frames must be irrigated with a weak solution of disinfectant. After 5-10 minutes, using a chisel or metal scraper, carefully clean the traces of excrement, wax growths, propolis and other contaminants. From the bottom of the hives collected podmor, debris and be sure to burn.

Then the hives are washed with hot water with the addition of detergent powder (2 tablespoons per bucket of water), washed with water and dried.

Empty soto frames (free from honey and perga) are sorted, old (dark) honeycombs, as well as honeycombs with moldy perga, fermented honey, contaminated by bees excrements, dead bees in the cells, and damaged mice are rejected to overflow. Wooden planks sotoramok, suitable for further use, thoroughly cleaned from contamination, wax, propolis, bee faeces and put in a room inaccessible to bees.

After completion of the mechanical cleaning of the objects proceed to disinfection.

2. Preventive disinfection.

For prophylactic disinfection of hives, frames and other equipment, prepare one of the disinfecting solutions of the following composition:

5% solution of soda ash>: 500 grams of soda ash is dissolved in 10 liters of hot (50-70 ºС) water and thoroughly stirred.
2% sodium hydroxide solution: 200 g (1 cup) is dissolved in 10 liters of hot (50-70 ºС) water and thoroughly stirred.
3% solution of ash liquor. For what they take 6 kg of wood ash and 1 kg of freshly-boiled lime and pour 10 liters of water. The solution is incubated for 24 hours with 3-4 single stirring. For disinfection use pooled top layer of alkaline solution.
For preventive disinfection sotoramok prepare:
1% hydrogen peroxide solution, acidified with acetic or formic acid (110 ml of a 33% solution of perhydrol are taken per 1 liter of water and 1 teaspoonful of acetic or formic acid is added).

After mechanical cleaning, washing and drying, beehives and wooden planks from rejected combs are transferred to a concrete or well-compacted area and irrigated with the prepared solution. It is applied from any type of sprayers until the surfaces of the treated objects are moistened evenly.

To increase the efficiency of disinfection, it is desirable to use hot (50-70ºС) disinfecting solutions. 3 hours after treatment, the hives and wooden planks are washed with water and dried.

Sotorams suitable for further use are irrigated from sprays of any type until they are uniformly moistened, folded into hives with closed tap holes, covered with lids and left for three hours. After the processing time, the cells are dried in a room out of reach of bees.

In the absence of disinfecting agents, the hives and wooden slats from the frames can be disinfected by burning with a blowtorch, a gas burner to even (light brown) browning, or use a building dryer (heat gun). Thermogun - modern replacement of a blowtorch, creates air temperature up to 650ºС.

If infectious diseases occur in the apiary (American and European foulbrood, ascospherosis, aspergillosis, saccular brood, chronic viral paralysis, Nozematosis), along with medical measures, they conduct forced disinfection.

3. Forced disinfection.

Empty hives, sotoramki and other equipment after mechanical cleaning disinfect:
- 10% hydrogen peroxide solution, acidified with formic or acetic acid (1100 ml of 33% solution of perhydrol are taken per 1 l of water and 1 tablespoon of acetic or formic acid is added). Apply it on the treated surface of the fine sprayer to their abundant, uniform moisture. Then processed sotoramki and other inventory is placed in empty (clean) hives, covered with roofs, cover the ventilation holes, and leave for 4 hours;

- formaldehyde vapors: at the bottom (preferably in a corner), previously cleaned, washed and dried hive, put a glass container into which 45 ml of formalin and 20 ml of water are poured. Then the sotarams prepared for disinfection are placed in it (leaving a small space above the formalin container), the hive caps are tightly closed, the slots are sealed. The hive is covered with a lid, after which they take 30 g of potassium permanganate, raise the hive lid over the place where the formalin container is located, quickly pour the permanganate into the container and tightly close the lid.

It should be remembered that when potassium permanganate is added, formaldehyde vapor emission starts instantly! Therefore, when using this method of disinfection, the following precautions should be observed: add potassium permanganate at arm's length from the container, hands should be protected by gloves, and upper respiratory tract - by a respirator.

After 2 hours, the capacity is removed, and the residual formaldehyde on the comb is neutralized by spraying the treated somatorams with 5% ammonia solution.

After disinfection, beehives, honeycombs, etc., the inventory is washed with water and dried. Dry, decontaminated somatorams should be stored separately from the discarded frames and wax obtained from sick families.

With Nosema, empty somato frames can be disinfected with acetic acid vapors (80% concentration). At the same time, empty soto frames from patients with Nosematosis of bee colonies are placed in a hive with closed gaps, on which an empty store extension is placed, where an open glass container with an acid at the rate of 200 ml of acid is placed on one case with a sushi, the shop hive is sealed from above. Disinfection is carried out for 4-5 days. After the expiration of the exposure, airing the somatorams is carried out in the open air for 3-5 days.

Hive batties, bathrobes, towels and overalls are disinfected in this way:
- boiling in a 3% solution of soda ash or zonal lye for 30 minutes;
- immersion in 3% hydrogen peroxide solution for 3 hours, or 10% formalin solution for 4 hours, or 1% solution of activated chloramine for 2 hours.

After disinfection, the canvases, clothing, etc. are washed in water and dried.
Metal small beekeeping stock can be ignited on fire.
The culled honeycombs are burned or melted to wax separately from the wax raw materials from healthy bee colonies. The resulting wax is stored separately in a tightly closed container and sent for technical purposes, Merv and heat burned.
Honey and pollen (pollen) obtained from such families are stored in a sealed container and sold only for food purposes. Using them for feeding bees is prohibited.
Beehives, beekeeping equipment, overalls, honey extractors, honey containers and other apiary accessories are not recommended to be transferred from one apiary to another without prior disinfection.

Precautionary measures

It is advisable to carry out all work on disinfection during the period of minimal flight activity of bees or away from the main summer of bees, on a concrete or well-packed area with a shed and a closed pit for sewage.
Use personal protective equipment: clothing, rubber boots and gloves, respirator, goggles.
Compliance with these recommendations will minimize the risk of occurrence and spread of infectious diseases of bees in apiaries.

39A---------------------------------xx

Green Works Compostable Cleaning Wipes, Biodegradable Cleaning Wipes - Original Fresh, 90 Count

Disinfection measures in the foci of tuberculosis

The problem of preventing tuberculosis does not lose its relevance, which is associated with the continuing high incidence of this infection among the population, as well as the formation of the resistance of the pathogen to drugs and disinfectants.

Disinfection measures are one of the areas of nonspecific tuberculosis prevention. The complexity of their implementation in tuberculosis is due to the high resistance of tuberculosis pathogens to physical and chemical agents, their long-term survival on / in environmental objects, the variety of transmission mechanisms and many objects around the patient to be disinfected: air, tableware, sputum, the discharge of patients , food debris, linen, patient care items, indoor surfaces, etc. Each of these objects requires an individual approach to its decontamination (the choice of odes, tools, processing technology, modes). At home, the current and final disinfection is carried out at the bacillus separator.

The current disinfection is organized since the detection of the bacillus by the TB dispensary or the outpatient clinic physician. The current disinfection is carried out systematically throughout the duration of the stay of the bacillus separator at home. It is organized by the tuberculosis dispensary or the tuberculosis departments of outpatient clinics through district sisters. If necessary, TB dispensaries and TB departments of outpatient clinics provide patients with the use of pocket spittoon vessels, care products, and disinfectants. The current disinfection in the tuberculous foci is carried out by the patients themselves or by the persons around them (in no case are children) under the systematic control of the staff of the tuberculosis dispensary or the polyclinic.

Final disinfection is carried out immediately in all cases after the temporary or permanent disposal of the bacilli carrier (placement of the patient in a medical institution, his departure to a sanatorium, change of residence, in the event of death of the patient).

Particular attention in the prevention of tuberculosis is given to air disinfection. To reduce the concentration of infectious aerosols in the indoor air, the use of ultraviolet radiation is effective.

Highly significant in the spread of tuberculosis and difficult to disinfect the object is the sputum of patients. The most reliable for disinfecting sputum are chlorinated disinfectants of inorganic and organic nature.

For the disinfection of sputum, it is recommended to use solutions of dichloroisocyanuric acid based salt preparations prepared from tablet forms (Javelion, Newjvel, Javel Solid, Javel-Kleid, Pyurjevel, etc.). The most widely used chemical method for disinfecting indoor surfaces, sanitary equipment, dishes, and laundry. High tuberculocidal activity is manifested by the same chloroactive agents on the basis of sodium dichloroisicianurate, peracid (Clinezin, Septusteril). Ways of carrying out chemical disinfection: irrigation, wiping, immersion in anti-disinfecting solution.

Tableware and linens can also be disinfected by a physical method - boiling.

Physical and combined disinfection methods are widely used for disinfecting objects with tuberculosis - using machines for disinfecting and washing dishes, washing and disinfecting linen: temperature 80-95º С, using washing powders with disinfectant action based on oxygen-containing (the most common drug is hydrogen peroxide) funds, etc.

Of great importance in the prevention of tuberculosis is the chamber processing of personal belongings, underwear, bed linen of patients with tuberculosis, bedding (blankets, mattresses, pillows).

Adequate selection and proper application of methods and disinfectants are key to effective disinfectological prevention of tuberculosis.

38A---------------------------------xx

Lysol Disinfecting Wipes, Lemon & Lime Blossom, 15ct

Why do I need disinfection and what is it like?

Disinfection - the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms in the human environment. IN AND. Vashkov

We all know that there are a huge number of microorganisms that can cause very great harm to humans. To protect people from a variety of infections and diseases requires competent disinfection. Let's try to figure out what disinfection is, what it is, what methods and methods of disinfection exist.

Disinfection is a science that studies the ways and means of destroying the causative agents of infectious diseases on various objects and in various substrates of the external environment.

Disinfection is divided into two types: focal and prophylactic.

Focal disinfection is disinfection in the infectious focus, which in turn is divided into final and current.

Final disinfection
This is a set of measures taken to disinfect the source of an infectious disease. It is carried out once with the use of disinfectants after removing the source of infection from the outbreak: during hospitalization, during recovery, when the patient is discharged, etc. For final disinfection, dezestants and medical workers are responsible.

Current disinfection
Carried out with the aim of destroying and preventing the dispersion of microorganisms in the transmission routes of infection The current disinfection is carried out systematically in all medical institutions, infectious medical institutions.

Preventive disinfection
It is carried out constantly in the absence of infectious diseases in beauty salons, spa centers, baths, swimming pools, saunas, sports clubs, catering establishments, hotels, educational institutions, trade institutions, and industrial enterprises.

There are 5 main methods of disinfection:

Mechanical - provides for the removal of an infected layer of soil or the device flooring.
Physical - treatment with ultraviolet lamps, sources of gamma radiation, boiling. This method is mainly used for intestinal infections. Boiling is used to process linen, dishes, drinking water, toys, food. Ultraviolet irradiation is used to disinfect indoor air in medical and other institutions.
Chemical - The main way consists in destruction of pathogenic microorganisms and destruction of toxins disinfectants.
Combined - based on a combination of several of the listed methods, for example, wet cleaning followed by ultraviolet radiation.
Biological - based on the antagonistic action between various microorganisms, the action of biological agents. It is used at biological stations, during wastewater treatment.
Obligatory disinfection should be subjected to:

all medical instruments and equipment;
tools and equipment for manicure, pedicure and other cosmetic procedures;
surfaces of premises and objects;
the skin of the patient (injection and surgical fields) and the hands of medical personnel.

Only careful disinfection and cleanliness will be able to protect a person from being able to become infected with a huge range of diseases that cause harmful bacteria, viruses and fungi. The most stringent requirements for disinfection are always imposed on medical institutions, since the flow of sick people who can spread infections is the largest in them. And only thorough disinfection can prevent serious outbreaks of disease. There are still many public places where the risk of spreading infections is high. If a person who is sick, for example, a fungal disease of the feet comes to a bath, a pool, or a gymnasium, then he can very easily pass on his illness to others. In the manicure and pedicure rooms, the risk of transmission of infections through tools is also increased. The task of the staff is to ensure the safety of their institution and prevent the spread of infection. For this and need disinfection. In addition, every person who thinks about his health should not neglect the rules of personal hygiene.

In the next article we will focus on the chemical method of disinfection. Consider the main types of disinfectants and requirements for them.

37A---------------------------------xx

Lysol Dual Action Disinfecting Wipes w. Scrubbing Texture, 150ct (2X75ct)

DISINFECTION AND DECOMPOSITION OF AIR, SURFACE OF PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT WITH OZON

Ozone is one of the strongest oxidizing agents, which already in low concentrations has high bactericidal, virucidal and mycicidal properties.
Ozone quite easily oxidizes amino acids - both free and constituent proteins, actively reacts with nucleic acids. Cellular lipids are particularly sensitive to ozone, and to a large extent, those that contain unsaturated fatty acids. Lipids are the main component of the cytoplasmic membrane - the first barrier to the penetration of ozone into the cell. As the ozone dose increases, irreversible changes in the physical and structural state of the membranes occur in the plasma membrane of yeast and bacterial cells, which are associated with oxidative destruction of lipids and proteins.
The effectiveness of the inactivation of microorganisms depends on the activity of the reagent, its concentration and the time of exposure of the drug. The environment in which the microorganism is located plays a major role in disinfection. It easily dies under the action of bactericides in water and in the air, especially if it is not protected by organic and inorganic substrates. Disinfecting the surface or thickness of a material is a much more difficult task. The quality of the surface (smooth, rough), the porosity of the material and the chemical nature of the material, its ability to react with ozone, have a significant impact on the efficiency of this process.
The bactericidal properties of ozone largely depend on humidity. When the relative humidity is below 45%, ozone does not have a noticeable bactericidal effect. The boundary of the optimum of its activity lies between 60-80% humidity.
In a number of works, the bactericidal and mycicidal effect of ozonization of the air of the refrigerating chamber (T = 0.8-2.0 oC) on the concentration of ozone and the duration of ozonation was obtained. Within concentrations of 5–15 mg / m3, the degree of dying off of microorganisms increased with an increase in the ozonation time to 10 hours, and then reached a plateau. The bactericidal effect was 97%, mycocidal - 95%. At a concentration of 20 mg / m3, the number of bacteria decreased by 97-99%, mold fungi - 95-97%.
The Federal Commission for Medical Immunobiological Preparations, Disinfection and Perfumery and Cosmetic Products of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, ozone at a concentration of 1.5-3.5 mg / m3 with disinfection exposure time of 60 minutes is allowed for use for disinfecting air in medical institutions.
CJSC “MELP” produces air ozonizers of the OGNK series for disinfection of air and surfaces of various premises.

The results of processing the area of ​​17 m2 with ozonizer OGNK-2.5

Place of sampling Microbial contamination before ozonation Microbial contamination after ozonation
Isolated microorganism The number of bacteria (CFU / ml) Isolated microorganism The number of bacteria (CFU / ml)
Air S. aureus  2.10 2  S. aureus  0 
B. subtilis 4.10 1 B. subtilis 0
Table (working surface) S. epidermidis  2.10 3  S. epidermidis  0 
E. faecalis 4.10 2 E. faecalis 0
Refrigerator handle S. epidermidis 7.10 2 S. epidermidis 0
Computer keyboard S. epidermidis  2.10 3  S. epidermidis  0 
E. faecalis  4.10 2  E. faecalis  0 
E. coli 4.10 1 E. coli 0
Sink surface B. subtilis  5.10 2  B. subtilis  2.10 2 
E. faecalis 2.10 2 E. faecalis 0

36A---------------------------------xx

Clorox Scentiva Disinfecting Wet Mopping Pads Plus Scentiva Disinfesting Wipes Value Pack, Tuscan Lavender & Jasmine

Determination of the need for disinfectants, sterilizing agents, means for presterilizing cleaning and skin antiseptics

Disinfection of surfaces, furnishings, upholstered furniture is carried out in accordance with the requirements of disinfection measures for various infectious diseases, approved in the prescribed manner.

To determine the need for disinfectants for the treatment of premises, it is necessary to calculate the total area of ​​the inner surface of the room (S) to be disinfected using the formula:

It is taken into account when it comes to processing the ceiling.

Wall area ( ) is calculated by the formula:

where

a is the floor length;

b - floor width;

h is the height of the room.

It is allowed instead of the height of the room to handle the walls to a height of no more than 2 m.

Disinfection of medical furniture (couches, beds, wheelchairs, mattresses with a special coating, chairs, bedside tables) is carried out in the institutions of a hospital profile in case of discharge or death of an infectious patient.

The surface area of ​​medical furniture to be disinfected ( ), calculated by the formula:

where

a is the length of the side of the piece of furniture;

b is the width of the side of the piece of furniture;

C - coefficient equal to 1 - 4, depending on how many sides are processed.

The need for a disinfectant for surface treatment during preventive disinfection:

where

- total amount of disinfectant required for disinfecting surfaces of rooms, l;

N is the consumption rate of the disinfectant solution of the disinfectant (according to the instructions for use of specific products and regulatory documents), ml / m2;

K - coefficient equal to the concentration of the disinfecting solution for the drug,%;

C - the number of days in the billing period (month, quarter, half year, year);

S - the area of ​​the processed internal surfaces, m2;

- the multiplicity of processing per day:

- rooms of the admission department of the surgical hospital - 2 times a day;

- for chambers with purulent-septic diseases and postoperative purulent complications of surgical departments, aseptic chambers - 1 time per day;

- hospitals and departments of newborns and premature babies - 1 time per day;

- changing table, baby scales - after each examination of the newborn;

- operating rooms, delivery rooms - after each operation, the reception of childbirth, if there is one delivery room - 1 time per day in the absence of childbirth;

- postpartum physiological department with separate and joint stay of mother and child, separation of newborns - after the third feeding of newborns;

- Chambers of obstetric hospitals - 1 time per day;

- chambers of infectious departments - 2 times a day.

The need for a disinfectant for cleaning and disinfecting surfaces during general cleaning with a multiplicity of processing 1 time per week:

where

- the total amount of disinfectant required for disinfecting the surfaces of rooms, l ;.

N is the consumption rate of the disinfectant solution of the disinfectant (according to the instructions for use of specific products and regulatory documents), ml / m2;

K - coefficient equal to the concentration of the disinfecting solution for the drug,%;

S - the area of ​​the processed internal surfaces, m2;

H - the number of weeks in the billing period (month, quarter, half year, year), if the general cleaning is carried out weekly. If cleaning is carried out 1 or 2 times a month, then H is equal to 1 or 2, respectively, and when calculating the number of disinfectants per quarter, semester or year, the calculated monthly volume must be multiplied by the number of months in the quarter, semester, and year, respectively.

In determining the need for disinfecting means for disinfecting sanitary equipment, the external surfaces of technological containers proceed from the standards for calculating the areas of sanitary equipment:

- one bath - 3 m2;

- one toilet bowl or bidet - 0.5 m2;

- one sink - 0.5 m2;

- one shower tray - 1 m2.

The need for a disinfectant to disinfect the surface of sanitary equipment:



- total amount of disinfectant required for disinfection of surfaces of sanitary equipment, l;

N - the rate of consumption of the disinfectant solution (according to the instructions for use of specific drugs and regulations), ml / m2;

K - coefficient equal to the concentration of the disinfecting solution for the drug,%;

S is the total area of ​​sanitary equipment being processed, m2;

- the multiplicity of processing per day;

C - the number of days in the billing period (month, quarter, half year, year).

The need for a disinfectant to disinfect the internal surfaces of technological containers (for disinfection, soaking, cleaning):

where

- total amount of disinfectant required for disinfection of process tanks, l;

- the volume of the disinfectant solution required to fill the containers, l ;.

K - coefficient equal to the concentration of the disinfecting solution for the drug,%;

Q is the number of treatments in the billing period (month, quarter, half year, year).

Determination of the need for disinfectant for laundry disinfection.

The consumption rate of the working solution of a disinfectant in disinfecting linen contaminated with secretions and blood in infections of bacterial and viral etiology is 4 liters per 1 kg of dry laundry and 5 liters per 1 kg of dry laundry with tuberculosis, cholera and other intestinal infections.

The need for a disinfectant for disinfecting linen:

where

- total amount of disinfectant for disinfecting linen, l;

K - coefficient equal to the concentration of the disinfecting solution for the drug,%;

- consumption rate of disinfectant solution for disinfecting linen, l / kg;

- the number of processed linen per day, kg;

C - the number of days in the billing period (month, quarter, half year, year).

Determination of the need for disinfectant for disinfecting dishes.

The consumption rate of disinfectant solution for disinfecting dishes is 2 liters per 1 set (2 plates, a glass or cup with a saucer, 2 spoons, a fork, a knife).

The need for a disinfectant for disinfecting dishes:

where

- total amount of disinfectant necessary for disinfecting dishes, l;

K - coefficient equal to the concentration of the disinfecting solution for the drug,%;

2 - the rate of consumption of disinfectant solution for 1 set of dishes, l;

KP - the number of sets of dishes per day, equal to the number of patients x 3;

C - the number of days in the billing period (month, quarter, half year, year).

Determination of the need for a disinfectant for disinfecting nursing items, toys, cleaning equipment, laboratory glassware.

According to current regulations:

- toys are immersed in the solution, closed with a lid, preventing them from ascending;

- thermometers, patient care items (ships, ducks, poilniki, heating pads, ice bubbles, bedplates, oilcloths, oilcloth mattress covers, oilcloth bibs) are completely immersed in the solution;

- laboratory tools, needles, capillaries, glass slides, test tubes, melangera, counting chambers, photoelectrometer cuvettes, pipettes, tips, rubber pears, cylinders, etc., disinfect the dishes after each use.

Used objects are immersed in a disinfectant solution. Objects that have internal channels are filled with a disinfectant solution (in a volume of 5 to 10 ml) with a pear to remove blood and serum.

The actual consumption of the disinfectant solution for complete immersion of the product into the solution and filling its cavities is determined by measuring the internal volume of the containers used for disinfection.

The need for a disinfectant for disinfection of nursing items, toys, cleaning equipment, laboratory glassware:

where

- total amount of disinfectant required for disinfection of nursing items, toys, cleaning equipment, l;

K - coefficient equal to the concentration of the disinfecting solution for the drug,%;

- the volume of the disinfectant solution required for complete immersion of the product in the solution and filling its cavities, l;

C - the number of days in the billing period (month, quarter, half year, year).

Determination of the need for funds for presterilizing cleaning and disinfection of reusable medical products.

According to the established standards, the consumption of a disinfectant or detergent solution, taking into account the complete immersion of the product in the solution and filling its cavities is:

- one syringe - 0.1 l;

- one blood transfusion system - 0.5 l;

- one set for examination of the cervix - 2.5 liters;

- one set for receiving childbirth - 3 l;

- set for abdominal gynecological surgery - 10 liters;

- set for obstetric surgery (cesarean section) - 6 l;

- set to restore the perineum (after childbirth with perineo-or episiotomy) - 3 liters.

Determination of the need for means for presterilizing cleaning and disinfection of reusable medical devices is based on the actual consumption of disinfectant solution required for complete immersion of the product into the solution and filling its cavities, which is determined by measuring the internal volume of the containers used for processing.

The need for funds for presterilizing cleaning and disinfection of reusable medical devices:

where

- the total amount of means for presterilizing cleaning and disinfection of reusable medical devices, l;

K - coefficient equal to the concentration of the disinfectant or detergent solution for the drug,%;

- consumption of disinfectant or detergent solution for a set of medical products with full immersion, l:

- for dental offices, clinics - 1 set = 1 visit;

- for endoscopic cabinets, departments 1 set = 1 study;

- for surgical offices of clinics, departments of an in-patient department 1 set = 1 operation;

- the actual shelf life of the disinfectant or detergent solution in days (determined empirically from the time of the first immersion of medical devices in the solution to the visual change of the solution - turbidity, color change, the appearance of flakes, sediment); for solutions with a shelf life of 1 day ;

C - the number of days in the billing period (month, quarter, half year, year).

Determination of the need for a disinfectant for disinfection of medical products for single use, dressing contaminated with infected biological fluids, excretions, food debris, vomiting, etc.

Disposable medical devices, dressing material contaminated with infected biological fluids, biological excretions, food debris, vomit, etc. belong to class B (hazardous, hazardous waste) or B (extremely hazardous waste) and are subject to decontamination.

The need for a disinfectant for disinfecting disposable medical products:

where

- total amount of disinfectant for disinfecting disposable medical products, l;

K - coefficient equal to the concentration of the disinfecting solution for the drug,%;

- the rate of consumption of disinfectant solution for 1 single-use medical product (or set) corresponds to the norms of consumption of the working solution for disinfecting reusable medical products, l;

- the number of processed medical devices single use per day;

C - the number of days in the billing period (month, quarter, half year, year).

Determination of the need for a disinfectant for disinfection of secretions, food debris, dressing contaminated with infected biological fluids.

When determining the need, effective consumption rates of the disinfecting solution (l) are used: from 4 to 5 l per 1 kg for disinfecting a dressing material contaminated with infected biological fluids, and 2 l per 1 kg for disinfecting secretions, food debris, vomit, and also the norms specified in the methodological instructions (instructions) for the use of a specific product.

The need for a disinfectant to disinfect the secretions, food debris, vomit, etc. and dressing material contaminated with infected biological fluids:

where

- total amount of disinfectant for disinfection of secretions, food debris, dressing material, l;

K - coefficient equal to the concentration of the disinfecting solution for the drug,%;

- consumption rate of disinfectant solution for disinfection 1 kg of discharge, food debris, dressing material, l;

- the number of processed dressing material (discharge, food debris) per day, kg ;.

C - the number of days in the billing period (month, quarter, half year, year).

The need for a dry disinfectant (powders, granules) for disinfection of secretions, food debris, dressing material contaminated with infected biological fluids:

where

- total amount of disinfectant for disinfecting secretions of food debris, dressing material, kg;

- the rate of consumption of disinfectant for disinfection 1 kg of discharge, food debris, dressing material, kg;

- the number of processed dressing material (discharge, food debris) per day, kg ;.

C - the number of days in the billing period (month, quarter, half year, year).

Determination of the need for disinfectant for disinfecting containers.

The need for a disinfectant to disinfect containers (the calculation is based on the area of ​​reusable containers):

where

- total amount of disinfectant necessary for disinfecting containers, l;

N is the consumption rate of the disinfectant solution of the disinfectant (according to the instructions for use of specific products and regulatory documents), ml / m2;

K - coefficient equal to the concentration of the disinfecting solution for the drug,%;

- the total area of ​​the reusable container to be disinfected (standard - 6 m2), m2;

Q - the number of decontamination procedures in the billing period (day, month, quarter, half year, year).

Determination of the need for a means for presterilization and final cleaning of endoscopes.

Need for presterilization and final cleaning of endoscopes:

where

- the total amount of funds required for presterilization or final cleaning of endoscopes, l;

K - coefficient equal to the concentration of the solution solution of the drug,%;

- the volume of the solution means for complete immersion of the endoscope with filling its internal channels, l ;.

- the actual shelf life of the cleaning solution in days (determined empirically from the time of the first immersion of medical products in the solution to the visual change of the solution - turbidity, color change, the appearance of flocks, sediment) for solutions with a shelf life of 1 day .

C - the number of days in the billing period (month, quarter, half year, year).

Determination of the need for a disinfectant for disinfecting a high level of endoscopes, sterilizing reusable medical devices, endoscopes and tools for them.

The need for a sterilizing agent for disinfecting a high level of endoscopes, sterilizing reusable medical devices, endoscopes and tools for them:

where

- total amount of sterilizing agent required for disinfection of high level endoscopes and instruments for them, sterilization of reusable medical devices, endoscopes and instruments for them, l;

K - coefficient equal to the concentration of the sterilizing solution for the drug,%;

- the volume of the disinfectant, sterilizing solution, necessary for the complete immersion of a reusable medical device or endoscope and instruments for it with filling of internal channels and cavities during high-level disinfection or sterilization, l ;.

- the actual shelf life of the disinfectant, sterilizing solution in days (determined empirically from the time of the first immersion of medical devices in the solution to the visual change of the solution - turbidity, color change, the appearance of flakes, sediment) for solutions with a shelf life of 1 day ;

C - the number of days in the billing period (month, quarter, half year, year).

The need for sterilizing (disinfecting) means produced in the form of ready-made sterilizing (disinfecting) solutions intended for TLDs of endoscopes, sterilization of reusable medical products, including endoscopes and instruments for them:

where

- total amount of sterilizing (disinfecting) agent required for TLD or sterilization of endoscopes or reusable medical device, l;

- the volume of sterilizing (disinfectant) means necessary for complete immersion of the multiple-use device or endoscope and tools for it with filling of internal channels and cavities during high-level disinfection or sterilization, l;

- the actual shelf life of the disinfectant, sterilizing solution in days (determined empirically from the time of the first immersion of medical devices in the solution to the visual change of the solution - turbidity, color change, the appearance of flakes, sediment); for solutions with a shelf life of 1 day ;

C - the number of days in the billing period (month, quarter, half year, year).

Determination of the minimum need for skin antiseptics for treating the hands of surgeons, operating nurses, midwives, other specialists involved in surgery, childbirth, nurses of treatment rooms, intensive care units, reanimation, antiseptics for treating patients' skin.

The rate of consumption of antiseptics for the processing of 1 pair of hands of medical personnel / 1 surgical field:

- alcohol-containing antiseptic:

- for processing 1 pair of hands of a member of the operating team, delivery team - 10 ml;

- for treating the hands of a nurse before injection - 5 ml;

- for processing 1 surgical field 5 - 80 ml (depending on the area of ​​the treated skin);

- for processing 1 injection field - 5 ml;

- liquid soap - skin antiseptic:

- for washing 1 pair of surgeons' hands - 10 ml;

- for hygienic washing of 1 pair of hands of medical personnel - 5 ml.

The need for alcohol-containing antiseptics for the treatment of the hands of surgeons, operating nurses, midwives and other professionals involved in surgical interventions, childbirth:

where

- total amount of alcohol-containing antiseptic for processing hands before surgery, l;

- the number of operations;

- the number of members of the operating team.

The need for alcohol-containing antiseptics for treating the hands of members of the dressing team (surgeon, resuscitator, attending physician of the surgical unit of LPO, nurse treatment room, intensive care unit, reanimation) before dressings of postoperative wounds:

where

- total amount of alcohol-containing antiseptic for processing hands of staff before dressings of postoperative wounds, l;

- the number of operations;

- the number of members of the dressing brigade ;.

7 - the minimum number of dressings during the initial wound healing.

The need for alcohol-containing antiseptics for the treatment of the hands of a nurse of the procedure room, intensive care unit, resuscitation before injections:

where

- total volume of alcohol-containing antiseptic for treatment of hands before injections, l;

C - the number of days in the billing period (month, quarter, half year, year);

- The average number of injections per day.

The need for alcohol-containing antiseptics for treatment of the surgical field before surgery:

where

- total volume of alcohol-containing antiseptic, necessary for the treatment of operating fields, l;

- the number of operations;

W is the average amount of alcohol-containing antiseptic required for treatment of the surgical field, ml.

The need for alcohol-containing antiseptics for the treatment of postoperative wounds:

where

- total amount of antiseptic for treatment of postoperative wounds on dressings, l;

- the number of operations;

W is the average amount of alcohol-containing antiseptic required for treatment of the surgical field, ml;

7 - the minimum number of dressings during the initial wound healing.

The need for alcohol-containing antiseptics for the treatment of the injection field:

where

- total volume of alcohol-containing antiseptic for processing injection fields, l;

C - the number of days in the billing period (month, quarter, half year, year);

- The average number of injections per day.

Determination of the need for liquid soap - skin antiseptics for washing the hands of surgeons, operating nurses, midwives and other professionals involved in surgical interventions, delivery of labor before surgical interventions, childbirth:

where

- total volume of liquid soap - skin antiseptic for washing hands before surgery, l;

- the number of operations;

- the number of members of the operating team.

The need for liquid soap - skin antiseptics for washing hands of members of the dressing brigade (surgeon, resuscitator, attending physician of the surgical unit of LPO, nurse of the treatment room, intensive care unit, reanimation) before dressings of postoperative wounds:

where

- total volume of liquid soap - skin antiseptic for washing hands before dressings of postoperative wounds, l;

- the number of operations;

- the number of members of the dressing brigade;

7 - the minimum number of dressings during the initial wound healing.

The need for liquid soap - skin antiseptics for washing the hands of a nurse of a treatment room, intensive care unit, resuscitation before injections:

where

- total volume of liquid soap - skin antiseptic for washing hands before injections, l;

C - the number of days in the billing period (month, quarter, half year, year);

- The average number of injections per day.

To facilitate the work on disinfection and sterilization, medical registers can be kept in the LPO and the attached calculation forms can be used:

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Clorox Scentiva Disinfecting Wet Mopping Pads Plus Scentiva Disinfesting Wipes Value Pack, Coconut

Lamps for surface disinfection

Germicidal lamps for surface sterilization
Bactericidal UV-C lamps offer surface sterilization without the use of chemicals, which is of paramount importance in many industries. In the food industry, for example, ultraviolet disinfection of surfaces will help destroy viruses, bacteria, spores and fungi in seconds, eliminating the need to use harmful chemicals on surfaces that come into contact with food.

The technology of UV radiation is indispensable in places where human health directly depends on the sterile environment, for example, in hospitals and surgical centers. During surgeries, for example, ultraviolet germicidal lamps are used to minimize infections. In addition, technologies continue to develop in the field of low and medium pressure UV drying.

Technology UV sterilization of surfaces in the food industry
Disinfecting the surface using ultraviolet germicidal lamps increases the shelf life of food products, including bread and meat. In addition, UV hormesis can reduce post-harvest losses due to late ripening of fruits and vegetables. With indicators of $ 550 million for fresh fruits and vegetables exported from the United States since the beginning of the year, UV hormesis has enormous potential.

Ultraviolet germicidal lamps are increasingly being used to disinfect the surfaces of filling equipment, conveyor belts, transport containers, food preparation surfaces, table tops, and liquid sugar cisterns to destroy mold and bacteria.

UV drying low pressure
Low pressure UV technology allows to dry paints, resins, adhesives without hazardous waste and with less maintenance costs. Currently, there is a tendency in many industries to transition from curing paints by heating to UV curing. Our patented low-pressure amalgam lamp, made using pellet technology, represents a single lamp that is suitable for vertical orientation.

UV drying medium pressure
UV medium pressure technologies are widely used in many curing devices, including adhesive fixing, paints, resist for engraving and printing forms, paints, varnishes and decorative glazes. UV drying saves maintenance costs and has no dangerous by-products. More and more manufacturers are switching to UV curing systems.

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Clorox Disinfecting Wipes Plus Clorox Disinfecting Wipes with Micro-Scrubbers

Surface disinfection

Wherever we come across surfaces, whether it is floor coverings or walls, in animal-breeding complexes, medical institutions, or even just at home in the bathroom, without proper care and necessary processing, any surfaces can create a variety of diseases for certain conditions. Thus, high humidity and temperature contribute to the growth of fungal and bacteriological diseases. The huge problem lies in the fact that the fungus, penetrating deep into the surface, becomes difficult to remove, because it is better to carry out preventive disinfection than to deal with the consequences.

With the use of DUTRION, there are two ways to disinfect surfaces:

WET DISINFECTION
It is carried out using a special sprayer with a prepared DUTRION solution or by wiping the surface with a cloth moistened with a solution.

Dutrion disinfectant is a concentrated (mother) solution of chlorine dioxide dissolved in water. Due to the special structure of the molecule, it is able to fight various pathogenic microflora. Effective against bacteria, fungi, viruses, algae and spores.

The solution for wet disinfection is prepared at the place of use by diluting the stock solution to the working one. Next, using a special sprayer is surface treatment.

Dutrion working solution already in 5 minutes is able to completely disinfect the treated surface.



DRY DISINFECTION
It is carried out using a special spray with dry powder DUTRIDRY

DUTRIDRY is a powder that disinfects it when it comes into contact with the surface. It contains natural silicate, which is an excellent moisture absorbent, and related chlorine dioxide molecules. DutriDry has a strong disinfecting effect: effective against a wide range of bacteria, viruses, fungi, spores and other pathogens. Able to maintain the effect of disinfection for 9 days.

For a longer disinfectant action this year has been developed NEW DURTIROCK PRODUCT. The unique development of Dutch scientists, DurtiRock powder is not only able to dry moisture, but also to maintain disinfecting properties for 40 days.

Wet disinfection
Livestock complexes
Living spaces
Food production
Slaughterhouse
Medical premises
Pet areas
Warehouses, cellars and basements: vegetable, fruit, food, etc.
Public places: transport, enterprises, clinics
Sports facilities: locker rooms, individual box, bags, sanitary facilities
Shops and supermarkets: warehouses, showcases, transport
Places subject to mold and mildew


Dry disinfection
Livestock complexes
Pet areas
Ventilation systems and air ducts
Abandoned rooms, old houses, cottages (remove unpleasant odor)
Feed disinfection
Warehouses, cellars and basements: vegetable, fruit, food, etc.
Public places: transport, enterprises, clinics

Sports facilities: locker rooms, individual box, bags, sanitary facilities
Shops and supermarkets: warehouses, showcases, transport

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Clorox Disinfecting Wipes, Bleach Free Cleaning Wipes - Fresh Scent, 105 Count (Pack of 4) (Packaging May Vary)

Air disinfectants: what modern air cleaning devices are capable

Every day, our body attacks many viruses and bacteria. Our immunity successfully copes with most of them, but once he relaxes a little bit, all the “charms” of the disease are evident. Moreover, the patient endangers the people around him at home or at work. In this article we will talk about the devices that will help to defeat the diseases caused by indoor pathogens.

Indoor air cleaning methods
Every day a person inhales about 12 m 3 , or 14 kg, of air [1] . This figure is several times the volume and weight of food consumed per day. And we always think about the benefits and safety of products, but we forget about clean air. Is it time to change the situation? The arsenal of tools for air purification in rooms today is greater than ever:

Daily wet cleaning with the use of chemicals - an effective, but rather time-consuming method. Among other disadvantages of the approach is the possibility of allergies and the harmful effects of certain chemicals [2] .

Average vacuum cleaners can only deal with fairly large particles of dust, but not with allergens, and especially bacteria. Of course, there are new generation devices, including air purification, but they are not affordable for everyone to buy and maintain.

Fine filters (catechins, plasma, electrostatic, etc.) installed on some models of air conditioners, can deal with air pollution. But in addition to the high cost, they require careful maintenance, and their installation in a room is labor intensive. In addition, errors in use, in particular, setting too low a temperature during the summer heat, can provoke a cold.

Air humidifiers with the help of special filters, cartridges or antibacterial additives for water can combat the appearance and spread of infections in the room.

UV air disinfectants . The principle of operation of devices based on the bactericidal effect of ultraviolet radiation. Special lamps clean the air of harmful microorganisms with an efficiency of up to 99% [3] . Thus, ultraviolet rays destroy the DNA bonds inside the virus molecules, so the latter lose their ability to multiply [4] . There are open lamps for disinfecting the air with ultraviolet radiation, which do not involve the presence of people in the cleaned room. Closed lamps are more suitable for domestic use, they are safe, and their operation does not require the absence of people during the operation of the device. Such lamps work almost silently and require only an annual replacement of the UV lamp.

The latter method is one of the most effective and affordable, therefore, we will pay attention to a more detailed description of the varieties of UV devices.

Types of devices for air disinfection
To begin, compare the types of air disinfectants based on ultraviolet lamps.

Open type UV lamps
Quartz lamps have the most powerful radiation, which almost instantly destroys bacteria, spores, mold, etc. This effect is achieved through a quartz glass flask. But also for people the action of the lamp is harmful - due to the “uncovered” rays of ultraviolet and released ozone. Therefore, finding a person in a room where “quartz” is held is extremely undesirable. The same goes for pets and even plants. Quartz lamps are often used in hospitals, kindergartens, sanatoriums and other public institutions where there is a high probability of developing various epidemics.
Germicidal lamps have a less pronounced and strong effect of disinfecting air and surfaces. The glass here is not quartz, but uviol, which prevents the entry of ozone into the air, which is dangerous in high concentrations to living organisms. But at the same time they observe one condition - the light from the lamp is directed upwards, while hiding its source with a special valve. Looking at a germicidal lamp is very harmful to the retina.
Amalgam lamps , unlike the previous ones, do not contain mercury inside, which makes them quite safe when used at home. The rest of the device does not differ from the usual germicidal lamp.
Illuminators-recirculators (UV lamps closed type)

The use of such devices is not associated with the danger of getting burned or damaging the eyes. The ultraviolet lamp is located inside the body that does not transmit UV rays. The device "sucks" the air, which, passing along the UV lamp, comes out already cleaned. Recyclers are ideal for home use, because in order to kill all the harmful bacteria and viruses that live in a room, you just need to leave the device turned on. At the same time, it is not necessary to go outside the room and hide the flowers - only air is processed.

Possibilities of household recirculators
As we have said, such devices are suitable even for cleaning the air in a regular apartment. The use of recirculators becomes especially relevant when small children appear in the house. Many mothers try to especially carefully monitor the cleanliness of the room, but they do not always have enough time for a large-scale fight against bacteria, even with daily wet cleaning. The household recirculator becomes a great helper - it kills viruses in the air. And in cases where one of the family members falls ill, the device does not allow the infection to spread to loved ones.

In 4 hours of operation, the recirculator reduces the number of microorganisms in the air by almost 3 times [5] , and in 8 hours, it kills almost all bacteria, viruses, and disease-causing fungi. In addition, household recirculator will help to avoid diseases of the elderly and reduce the manifestations of allergies.

Besides home use, a household recirculator can be quite useful in offices. With the onset of a period of epidemics of colds - in the fall and spring - employees take hospital sick one by one. The virus quietly "walks" around the office, disrupting the working rhythm. The effect of domestic recirculator in such periods helps to reduce the incidence of staff by at least 25% [6] .

Recyclers can be seen in public places. Especially often they are installed in beauty salons, private clinics and dental offices. This is not only an indicator of the health care of its customers, but also a profitable contribution to the image of the establishment. The same goes for kindergartens. For parents, the presence of a recirculator in the kindergarten's room is an important plus, because this measure helps to avoid many dangers to the health of the child.

The fact that the air recirculator is used in rooms where there are children, and in places with high traffic or long stay of people, speaks about the safety of the device. Ultraviolet rays, of course, harmful in its pure form - so we used to use sunscreen, going to sunbathe. But the recirculator does not transmit radiation to the outside: it reliably hides behind the body from a special material, performing only its useful functions.

How to choose a device for air disinfection for home
First of all, it is necessary to take into account the area of ​​the room intended for processing - it is usually indicated in the passport of the device. It is better if this value corresponds to the size of the room. But even if the room is larger, the recirculator will cope with its task, although the process will take a longer time [7] .

There are also various types of fixing irradiators for air disinfection - for home use, portable models on racks can be a good option. In public places, stationary models are often installed, for example, suspended ones.

On a note
It is better to locate the feed where there is air movement. It would be reasonable to install a recirculator for disinfection near the doorway [8] .
An additional advantage of the recirculator model will be the presence of a well thought-out device management system . It is clear that the required minimum is an on / off button, but the presence of a timer and an indicator indicating how long the lamp has worked will not interfere either.

The recycle irradiator housing can be made of metal or plastic. The first ones are often more expensive and are intended for public spaces - special structural strength is required here. Home appliances can be made of plastic.


Nowadays, many scientific advances are becoming available to the general consumer, which make it possible to take care of their own health and that of their loved ones without any efforts and substantial expenses. The inconspicuous work of the irradiator-recirculator installed at home or in the office helps reduce the risk of getting colds, flu, and allergies.


Where can I buy a recirculating air disinfectant
We asked the Armed TM specialist to answer this question:

“It is necessary to take the purchase of medical equipment as seriously as possible, because here we are talking about health, and, as they say, you cannot buy it with money. Therefore, when acquiring an air disinfectant, give preference to brands that are credible. The criterion for selection can be the lifetime of a brand on the market - time-tested products always have a certain reputation that is easy to track according to the feedback from the owners. Our Armed trademark has traveled 20 years, and that says a lot. We understand that in addition to quality, price, range and convenient delivery times are important for the buyer. Therefore, we offer various types of air recirculating air disinfectants for the home - with a stylish design and an affordable price (from about 3,300 rubles [9] ), as well as more powerful models for offices and medical institutions. Zoneless ultraviolet lamps inside the irradiators are designed for 8,000 hours of continuous work, and after this period it is easy to replace them. Ease of use and adherence to high standards of production make our products attractive for both home use and installation in public places. ”

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Lysol Disinfecting Wipes, Brand New Day, Berry & Basil, 80ct, Packaging May Vary

Basics of disinfecting hazardous substances

General concepts and definitions

Disinfection is the reduction to the maximum permissible norms of contamination of objects with hazardous substances (radioactive substances (RV), hazardous chemicals (OHC), bacterial agents (BS) by degassing, decontamination, disinfection, as well as sanitary treatment of personnel of the ASF and civil defense units and the public .

Decontamination is the disinfection (neutralization) of objects infected with RVs.

Degassing is the decontamination (decontamination) of objects contaminated with chemical agents (HVAC).

Disinfection is the process of destroying or removing the causative agent of an infectious disease of a person or animal.

Disinsection is the extermination of insects and ticks, BS carriers.

Deratization is the extermination of rodents, BS transporters.

Sanitary treatment is the mechanical cleaning and washing of the skin and mucous membranes of people exposed to contamination and contamination of PB, OM, OHV, BS, and also disinfection of their clothes and shoes when leaving the emergency area.

It is known that the phase state of contamination can be solid, liquid and gaseous. Solid particles on the surface are fixed weak adhesive forces (Coulomb, capillary, etc.). Liquid and gaseous contaminants are fixed on the surface due to molecular processes of adsorption (chemisorption) and first create a surface or slightly fixed type of pollution. Subsequently, as a result of wetting, dissolution, diffusion, and contamination, they penetrate into absorbent materials, thus forming even a voluminous type of contamination.

Thus, in practice one has to deal with adhesive, surface, deep and volumetric contamination of materials and, depending on this, methods and methods of disinfection are determined.

Disinfection methods: removal, detoxification, binding and isolation of pollution.

Removal is the removal of dirt from an infected surface or the removal of an infected object itself from a person.

Detoxification is the chemical, thermochemical, or biochemical conversion of pollution to low-toxic compounds.

Binding is a reduction in the mobility of pollution, a decrease in the rate of evaporation and the prevention of its transfer to surrounding objects (i.e., a reduction in the risk of secondary contamination and entry into the human body).

Insulation is the isolation of the source of contamination from the environment, as well as the covering of contaminated surfaces with films and other materials.

Methods of disinfection: physical, chemical, combined (physico-chemical) and thermal (thermochemical). In addition, there are liquid and liquid-free methods of disinfection. The choice of method depends on the pollutant and its state of aggregation. The implementation of these methods is carried out using various working media (formulations, i.e. substances or mixtures of substances active with respect to OHV, OM, PB, BS) and technical means of special treatment.

Solid adhesion contamination can be either physically removed (by sweeping, blowing, flushing - mainly RV), or chemically disinfected (OM, OHV, BS).

Removal of surface liquid and gaseous contamination is possible only after overcoming the adsorption forces by solvation with solvent molecules (dissolution) or by increasing the surface temperature.

Removal of deep contamination is carried out by washing (using extractants - special solvents) and drying with hot air.

Filtration, sorption and ion exchange processes are used to remove bulk contamination from water or air.

Thermochemical method of detoxification is based on supplying high-intensity energy fluxes to the infected surface in the form of radiation from the light, IR and UV ranges, or treatment with high-temperature plasma. At the same time, thermal decomposition processes of pollutants (OM, OHV, BS) are sharply activated with the formation of low-toxic products.

The chemical method is based on the use of liquid chemically-active formulations.

The entire set of OHVs can be conventionally reduced to two pairs:

the first is of an acidic nature, giving an acidic environment in water (chlorine, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, etc.), and an alkaline character, giving an alkaline environment in water (ammonia, amines, etc.);
the second is oxidizing and reducing agents (combustible substances, heptylide, etc.).
In each pair of substances are antagonists and, therefore, with equivalent interaction neutralize each other. Thus, the selection of a neutralizing substance is quite simple:

alkaline substances are used to neutralize substances of an acidic nature and, on the contrary, acid is used to neutralize alkalis;
a reducing agent is used to neutralize the oxidizing agent and vice versa.
Disinfection of various surfaces of objects is mainly carried out using two types of formulations:

surface active or detergent;
chemically active or degassing (neutralizing).
Washing formulations contribute to the separation and retention of contamination in the solution.

The degassing (neutralizing) formulations destroy, bind (absorb), decompose and dilute the liquid phases of OHV.

Destruction is based on the reaction between OHV and a reagent that is chemically active towards it.

Binding (absorption) is achieved by the use of adsorption materials (soil, sand, slag, etc.).

Decomposition occurs as a result of exposure to high temperatures.

Dilution is made with water or solutions of neutral substances.

Substances and solutions used to neutralize OHV (OS).

For decontamination (neutralization) of hazardous substances in the decontamination of the territory, equipment, vehicles, shoes and clothing you can use:

- caustic soda (NaOH - caustic soda) - white solid, well soluble in water. Stored in iron drums. It is used to neutralize chlorine, hydrocyanic acid, as well as nitric, hydrochloric and other acids;

- soda ash (PA 2 CO 3 ) - white, fine-crystalline powder well soluble in water. It is used to neutralize acids, acrylonitrile;

- sodium thiosulfate (PA 2 SO 2 ) x 5 H 2 O - colorless crystals. Fire and explosion hazard. It is well dissolved in hot water, in cold - worse. It is used to neutralize the straits of chlorine;

- ferric chloride (FeCl 3 ) - dark brown crystals with a greenish tint. Well dissolved in water. It is used for disinfection of hydrocyanic acid after treatment with ammonia water. Ammonia water dilutes the acid, and iron chloride forms a neutral salt with it;

- milk of lime (Ca (OH) 2 ) - a mixture of hydrated lime and water. Slightly soluble in water. It is used to neutralize acids, as well as to precipitate vapors of a cloud infected with phosgene.

The consumption of neutralizing substances during decontamination of OHV is determined by the type of OHV, the nature of infection (drip-liquid, vapor, aerosol), the object of infection (terrain, transport, clothing, etc.), the method of neutralization (spraying, spraying, wiping with a brush or rag, boiling and others), the type of neutralizing substances and a number of other factors.

The amount of neutralizing substances is calculated by the equations of chemical reactions.

Assume that it is necessary to neutralize 1 t of phosgene (CoCl 2 ). We determine how much neutralizing substance is needed, for example, caustic soda (NaOH).

We make the equation of a chemical reaction:

СОСl 2 + 4NаОН → NA 2 CO 3 + 2 NaCl + 2H 2 O

From the periodic system D.I. Mendeleev find the atomic weights of all the elements involved in the reaction and make up the proportion:



Thus, to neutralize 1 t of phosgene, it is necessary: ​​1.6 tons of sodium hydroxide or 0.7 tons of ammonia.

And, for example, to neutralize 1t of chlorine requires 12t of a 10% alkali solution, or 100 tons of water. The use of water due to high consumption is impractical. It is also not recommended to neutralize chlorine using aqueous solutions of ammonia, due to the formation of nitrogen chloride, which is explosive upon contact with a solid medium.

Small ammonia spills can be neutralized with water. The use of water to neutralize large quantities of ammonia is unacceptable due to a sharp increase in the gaseous phase due to the heat of reaction and an increase in the depth of distribution of damaging concentrations.


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