This Database (BdD) is the result of research conducted by the Antioxidant Analysis Laboratory of the Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA) , led by Dr. Hernán Speisky Cosoy , full professor of the University of Chile . The investigations that have led to this BdD include, initially, those financed by the CORFO Innova 08CT11IUM-12 project , and subsequently, those financed with intramural resources from the INTA's Antioxidant Analysis Laboratory.
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Contents of this section.
- - Summary of the Database .
- - Introduction to the Database .
- - Methodologies used in the construction of the Database .
- - How to read the results of the Database .
Summary of the Database :
The Database of Antioxidants in Fruits includes data on the content of total polyphenols (PFT) and antioxidant activity ORAC present in fruits produced, consumed and / or exported by Chile. In its current state, the BdD describes the PFT and ORAC values of approximately 150 species / varieties of fruits. It should be noted that along with the aforementioned indicators of antioxidant richness, the BdD offers, for each of the tabulated fruits, linkeable information that allows direct access to the image of each of the fruits consulted, as well as to an external database ( USDA) with values of the nutritional composition of these (Nutrient Data Bank). Like any modern database, this is also a dynamic basis in its contents, both in terms of the number of species and varieties of fruits studied, as well as the average, maximum and minimum values of PFT and ORAC represented for each one of them. these. The results shown should be understood , not as absolute values, but " as an average of results applicable only to those samples of fruits that, until the date of publication of this document, were analyzed by the Laboratory of Antioxidant Analysis of INTA " . The latter is important since, as in other databases, in the present it will be possible to find large differences between the minimum ORAC value and the maximum ORAC value, even when it is the same species and variety of fruit analyzed. In fact, because they are fruits, samples of the same biological variety may present significant differences in their ORAC values, due to the fact that they have experienced differentially the "influence of pre- and / or post-harvest factors that they are capable of influencing the antioxidant richness of the fruit ". Under such a common circumstance, the average value offered by a BdD must always be considered a referential value only . Consequently, the only way to "guarantee the antioxidant richness of a fruit sample that has not been analyzed is by simply analyzing it".
In consideration of the aforementioned, it is contemplated that the current version of this BdD will undergo continuous modifications that will result both from the analysis of new samples of those fruits that have already been studied, and from the expansion of the number of species and / or varieties of fruits to be characterized.
Introduction to the Database:
The antioxidants present in fruits and vegetables have gained great recognition in the field of nutrition since, according to multiple clinical and epidemiological evidences, their higher consumption is strongly associated with a lower relative risk of developing those diseases than in the currently affect the world population (cardiovascular, tumor and neurodegenerative).
The recognition of the health benefits of a greater consumption of foods rich in antioxidants has generated, both among professionals in the health and agro-food sectors, and among consumers in general, the need to freely access a database that gives them allow, in a reliable, simple and comparative way, to answer the question : In which foods is it possible to find a greater antioxidant richness?
Initially, this question was addressed in November 2007 by the Nutrition Division of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), in the form of a database that accounts for the total polyphenol content and ORAC antioxidant activity of 277 foods usually consumed by the North American population. This database was subsequently (May 2010) updated and expanded to a total of 326 foods ( See database of the USDA ). In an initiative that also seeks to respond to the antioxidant richness of food, in July 2009, the European Union, through INRA published, also for the first time, a database, which records the content of more than 500 different polyphenols for a total of approximately 400 foods ( See INRA database ).
Chile is an important producer and exporter of fruits worldwide. Its exports (of grapes, apples, nectarines, blueberries, plums and avocados, among others) reach the markets and consumers not only of the Latin and North American region, but also of Europe and Asia-Pacific. This Database constitutes the first digital platform destined to spread, specifically, the antioxidant richness of fruits . It describes the content values of total polyphenols and ORAC activity for more than a hundred, between species and their varieties, of fruits produced, consumed and / or exported by Chile. As such, it is the first BdD in Latin America, and only second worldwide (after the US) to offer, simultaneously, information regarding the content of polyphenols and the ORAC value of tabulated foods .
Unlike the databases of the USDA (USA) and the INRA (Europe), which were constructed from data from very diverse laboratories and whose analytical and sampling methodologies were not necessarily standardized, this Base of Data has been constructed, in its entirety, from data that were generated by the same laboratory (the Antioxidant Analysis Laboratory of INTA), and applying an analytical methodology that is identical to that recommended by the USDA, and that also, it has been validated under the standards (NCh-ISO 17025.Of2005 homologous to ISO / IEC 17025: 2005) that are specific to a national and internationally accredited laboratory for carrying out such measurements. It should be noted that, together with this condition, the BdD was constructed by applying the PFT and ORAC analyzes to fruit samples that were systematically sampled for the purpose of generating data that are representative of their antioxidant richness.
Methodologies used in the construction of the Database:
The fruit samples were collected directly by LA-2 professionals, from: 1) counters corresponding to the main points of sale to the public of the 2 main formal fruit marketing chains, the CENCOSUD and D & S-Walmart companies, through its JUMBO and LIDER supermarkets, respectively, and 2) packaging warehouses belonging to several fruit export companies that are associated with the Association of Exporters of Chile AG (ASOEX).
After harvesting, the samples were immediately transferred under refrigeration conditions (4-6ºC) to LA-2 of INTA, and stored under such condition until their analysis that always took place within the next 12-48 hr.
The ORAC antioxidant activity and the total polyphenol content were both analyzed using the method described by Wu et al (2004) [Wu X, Beecher GR, Holden JM, Haytowitz DB, Gebhardt SE, Prior RL. Lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant capacities of common foods in the United States. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52: 4026-4037; 2004]. Details of the procedures applied have been included in the "Manual of Test Methods", as Internal Procedures of the Laboratory of Antioxidant Analysis of INTA ", under the form of MME-Pro-001 and MME-Pro-002, respectively. As described by Dr. Ronald Prior, scientist creator of the ORAC technique in the USA, to achieve full analytical confidence in the results, the ORAC assay must be performed in microplates and under absolutely standardized and automated conditions. Such experimental conditions were fully employed throughout the construction of this BdD.
How to read the results of the Database ?:
The results of ORAC antioxidant activity and total polyphenol content (PFT) are presented in the BdD in the form of tables, composed of columns and rows.
In the case of the columns , the following are indicated: No. NDB , which in the BdD appears as an acronym in capital letters that in the "USDA Nutrient Data Bank" corresponds to the number with which said database identifies the species / variety of fruit analyzed here. We invite you to "click" on this acronym. When doing so, a box will be displayed in which the name and the image of the fruit corresponding to the acronym will appear first. Under the image you will find the number assigned by the "USDA Nutrient Data Bank" to said fruit. If you wish to corroborate the above, you must " click here ", after which incorporating the Nº assigned to said fruit. Then, the scientific name of the fruit species appears. To access information on the nutritional composition of this fruit, you must click "see document", which corresponds to the USDA pdf document. To know the nutritional composition of the fruit that you are interested in, you must enter in the "Find" box (located in the bar of said pdf) the corresponding NDB number, and then press "Enter"; Description , which corresponds to the name of the species / variety of the fruit analyzed. In some cases, this gloss also includes a reference to whether the fruit was analyzed in its fresh or cooked state, with or without its shell / skin, and if it was grown under organic conditions; Parameter , which refers to the type of test or analysis performed, that is, ORAC or Total Polyphenols (PFT); Units , which account for the units as the results are expressed. In the case of ORAC results, these are expressed as: umol ET / 100 g pf, which corresponds to the number of micromoles of Trolox equivalents (ET) per 100 grams of fresh weight of the fruit analyzed, or, as umol ET / 100 g ps, which corresponds to the number of micromoles of Trolox equivalents (ET) per 100 grams of dry weight of the fruit analyzed. Trolox® is a water-soluble analog of alpha-tocopherol, and by virtue of its high solubility in water it is universally used as a comparison standard in the ORAC assay. In the case of the results of total Polyphenols , these are expressed as: mg EAG / 100 g pf, which corresponds to the milligram equivalents of gallic acid (GA) per 100 grams of fresh weight of the fruit analyzed, or, as mg EAG / 100 g ps, which corresponds to milligrams of gallic acid (GA) per 100 grams of dry weight of the fruit analyzed. Gallic acid is a natural phenolic acid whose high solubility in water allows its use as standard in the PFT assay; Average , represents the average value estimated from the results obtained for each of the samples of fruit analyzed; N , refers to the number of times a specific fruit (species / variety) was sampled for further analysis. Thus, an N = 10 indicates that said fruit was sampled from 10 different collection points (eg 5 local supermarket A and 5 local supermarket B) throughout the study that gave rise to this BdD; SEM (Standard Error of the Mean) represents the standard error of the mean; Min and Max refer to the minimum and maximum values estimated for each parameter and that were included in the calculation of the average and the SEM of said parameter.
In the case of rows , each fruit accompanied by its acronym and corresponding NDB number, is described through 4 rows. The first and second row give an ORAC value, expressed by 100 g of fresh weight (pf) and 100 g of dry weight (ps), respectively. The third and fourth rows show the value of Total Polyphenols (PFT), also expressed by 100 g of fresh weight (pf) and per 100 g of dry weight (ps). Every 4 rows, the fruits (with their corresponding acronyms and NDB number) are separated from each other, repeating successively along the table.