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Magnesium: Stress Winner
Magnesium (Mg)
For a man - the regulator of the nervous system, the winner of stress.
Magnesium - a component of enzymes in the human body found in bones, teeth, is a regulator of the nervous system.
Magnesium is a macroelement, up to 90% of modern people suffer from insufficiency.
The daily requirement of the human body is 280–350 mg. The consumption rate for adults is 4 mg / kg, which averages 350 mg / day for men and 280 mg / day for women, respectively. The optimal ratio of calcium and magnesium is 1: 0.5, which is ensured by the usual selection of food products.
An adult's body contains about 140 g of magnesium (0.2% of body weight), and 2/3 of this amount falls on bone tissue. The main "depot" of magnesium is in the bones and muscles in the form of phosphates and bicarbonates.
Magnesium enters the body with food (in particular, with table salt) and water. Part of the ionized magnesium is cleaved from the magnesium salts of food in the stomach and absorbed into the blood. The main part of the hardly soluble magnesium salts passes into the intestine and is absorbed only after they are combined with fatty acids. In the gastrointestinal tract up to 40–45% of magnesium is absorbed into the body. Magnesium is absorbed in both the jejunum and ileum. The percentage of magnesium absorption is regulated by its concentration in food and the presence of dietary components that inhibit or promote its absorption. Increased calcium intake affects the absorption of magnesium.
In cases where the absorption of magnesium increases, an increase in its level in the blood is observed by increasing urinary excretion. An increase in oral intake of magnesium leads to a decrease in phosphate absorption. In various malabsorption syndromes, magnesium absorption in the intestine is usually reduced.
The concentration of magnesium in the blood of a person is 2.3-4.0 mg%. In human blood, about 50% of magnesium is bound, and the rest is ionized. Complex compounds of magnesium enter the liver, where they are used for the synthesis of biologically active compounds.
The kidneys play a key role in magnesium homeostasis. Magnesium is eliminated from the body mainly with urine (50–120 mg) and with sweat (5–15 mg). Approximately 75% serum magnesium is filtered in the renal glomeruli. Impaired filtration reduces the amount of magnesium entering the tubules. A serious decrease in glomerular function is the cause of an increase in serum magnesium concentration. A healthy kidney with an average consumption of magnesium reabsorbs about 95% of the amount filtered by it.
When magnesium intake is significantly restricted in people with normal kidney function, magnesium excretion becomes small — less than 0.25 mmol / day. Increasing magnesium uptake to normal increases urinary excretion without changing serum magnesium levels, provided that the kidney function is normal and the amount injected does not exceed the maximum glomerular filtration.
Biological role in the human body . The physiological function of magnesium is due to its participation as a cofactor in a number of important enzymatic processes. Magnesium is a structural component of a significant amount (about 300) of enzymes, in particular, ATP-dependent enzymes. This determines the systemic effect of magnesium on the energy processes in all organs and tissues, first of all, actively consuming energy (heart, nervous system, working muscles). Associated with this is a wide range of pharmacological activity of magnesium.
Magnesium is involved in the synthesis of protein, normalizes the function of the kidneys and biliary ducts, has a positive effect on the work of the cardiovascular and nervous system. Participating in the conversion of creatine phosphate to ATP, magnesium controls the body's energy.
Magnesium has a cardioprotective effect, positively affecting the heart in rhythm disturbances, coronary heart disease, including myocardial infarction, improving oxygen supply of the myocardium, limiting the damage zone. At the same time, magnesium exhibits a vasodilating effect and helps to lower blood pressure.
Magnesium is an anti-stress macronutrient that produces a normalizing effect on the state of the nervous system and its higher divisions (especially in combination with vitamin B 6 ) for nervous tension, depression, and neurosis.
In diabetes, magnesium prevents vascular complications and, in combination with zinc, chromium, selenium, improves the function of pancreatic beta cells. In diseases of the respiratory system contributes to the expansion of the bronchi and the removal of bronchospasm. In both cases, magnesium is an important factor of therapy (in combination with the basic means).
Magnesium has a positive effect on the state of the reproductive system. In pregnant women, magnesium prevents the development of a fetus (together with folic and pantothenic acids), the development of gestosis, premature birth and miscarriage. During menopause in women provides a reduction in the negative manifestations of this condition.
Magnesium depletion of blood is marked with rickets. There is reason to believe that in the form of magnesia salts, this element contributes to the disappearance of precancerous conditions of the skin and mucous membranes, and prevents the development of malignant tumors.
Synergists and antagonists of magnesium . Magnesium in the body is predominantly inside the cells, where it forms compounds with proteins and nucleic acids containing Mg – N and Mg – O bonds.
The similarity of the physicochemical characteristics of beryllium ions (Be 2+ ) and Mg 2+ determines their interchangeability in such compounds. This explains, in particular, the inhibition of magnesium-containing enzymes when ingested beryllium. Thus, beryllium is a magnesium antagonist.
Magnesium absorption can be impaired when manganese , cobalt , lead , nickel , and cadmium are in excess in the body.
Excessive intake of calcium, phosphate, fat (up to 70 g per day), alcohol, coffee (more than 2 cups per day), antibiotics, medicines for treating tumors can interfere with the absorption of magnesium by the body.
In turn, vitamins B 1 , B 6 , C, D, E, potassium , phosphorus (supplied in optimal amounts), proteins, estrogens contribute to an increase in the level of magnesium in the body.
The absorption of magnesium is disturbed by the simultaneous excess intake of fat and calcium from food, since bile acids are necessary for absorption of these substances from the intestine. Alcohol, smoking, diabetes, stress also reduce magnesium levels.
Signs of magnesium deficiency : deterioration in the transmission of nerve and muscle impulses, causing irritability and nervousness, increased excitability, spasms and convulsions, disorientation in time and space, insomnia, migraine, chronic fatigue, indigestion, heart palpitations, seizures, outbursts of anger or irritation.
The first sign of magnesium deficiency is twitching and cramps, especially the calf muscles .
Magnesium deficiency underlies many cardiovascular diseases. Against the background of a permanent magnesium deficiency, the risk of atherosclerosis of heart arteries, heart attacks and changes in heart rhythm increases. It can be the main cause of lethal cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, sudden cardiac arrest, as well as asthma, chronic pain syndrome, depression, insomnia, irritable bowel syndrome and lung diseases. In some cases, arthritis and osteoporosis develop.
Increasing the level of magnesium (hypermagnesemia) in the blood can occur when taking antacids or laxatives containing magnesium in patients with chronic renal failure. Since 20% or more of Mg 2+ from different salts can be absorbed, deterioration of renal filtration can lead to a significant increase in serum magnesium concentration.
In acute renal failure with oliguria, especially in combination with metabolic acidosis, hypermagneemia is possible. The calcium infusion performed in this case may counteract the toxicity of magnesium.
An increase in magnesium concentration can also be observed in cases of hyperfunction of the parathyroid glands, thyroid gland, nephrocalcinosis, arthritis, psoriasis, dyslexia (disorders with a violation of reading comprehension in children).
When parenteral administration of magnesium sulfate can be observed symptoms of intoxication in the form of general depression, lethargy and drowsiness. The use of a solution of sulphate of magnesia during pregnancy increases by 4 times the risk of developing cerebral palsy in newborns.
Anesthesia occurs at concentrations of magnesium in the blood of about 15-18 mg%.
Magnesium is needed : in hypertensive disease, symptomatic hypertension, atherosclerosis, pathology of the liver and biliary tract, depression, dizziness, muscle weakness and convulsive contractions, in psoriasis, scleroderma, lupus erythematosus, premenstrual syndrome, to maintain normal pH in the body, to prevent calcification in the body tissues. It protects the endothelium of arteries from stress caused by sudden drops in blood pressure, which is necessary for the formation of bone tissue, carbohydrate and mineral metabolism, for dissolving kidney stones formed from oxalates and phosphates.
Magnesium enhances the effectiveness of the action of vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine), which is important for the prevention of atherosclerosis.
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